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当前,越来越多的环境污染物被排入到水环境中,继而对水生动物(特别是鱼类)产生各种不利影响[1-2]。其中,包括精神活性物质在内的一些污染物,能够作用于水生动物的神经系统,产生神经毒性影响。这类污染物通过直接或间接促进/抑制某种神经递质的释放,从而导致动物的行为发生改变,改变个体的捕食、繁殖、躲避猎食者等行为,进而影响其个体和种群生存状况[3-5]。因此,神经毒性已经成为污染物对水生动物不利影响的重要组成部分,越来越受到人们的关注[6]。
污染物的神经毒性通常借由神经递质或其上下游产物(统称为神经化学物质)实现。神经递质不仅是神经传递的基础,而且在中枢神经系统发育过程中起着至关重要的作用。神经递质在突触前神经元中合成,并由特定的突触囊泡转运体包装成囊泡,随后释放到突触间隙,在那里它们与突触后受体结合。随后,神经递质通过降解或再吸收来终止神经传递[7]。在大脑发育过程中,遗传或环境因素引起的神经递质合成、转运或代谢障碍可能导致儿童出现多种神经学表现,包括但不限于神经发育迟缓、运动障碍、癫痫和神经精神病学特征[8-10]。
基于神经化学物质的不同,神经系统可分为组胺能、谷氨酸能、氨基丁酸能、甘氨酸能、胆碱能、羟色胺能、儿茶酚胺能和肾上腺素能等不同系统。这些神经系统可以调节不同的行为及生理功能。例如胆碱能中乙酰胆碱(ACh)可激活两类受体:烟碱类受体(nAChRs)和毒蕈碱类受体(mAChRs)。其中mAChRs可能参与神经传递、神经调节和嗅觉调控[11],nAChRs在调节谷氨酸释放和记忆形成[12]中发挥关键作用;儿茶酚胺能中多巴胺能神经元只占大脑神经元总数的不到1%,但它们对大脑生理有着重要的影响,多巴胺能调节运动、认知、情感和奖励[13];羟色胺能中血清素可以调节知觉、攻击性、焦虑、性行为、食欲、血管功能和痛觉[14]。这些神经系统中的神经化学物质都有可能受到外源污染物的干扰,继而在暴露个体中产生神经毒性效应。
然而,在神经毒性研究中,特别是对非靶标物种的神经毒性研究中,往往并不知道污染物的作用靶点,如果只选择一种或少数几种神经化学物质作为研究对象有可能错失真正的作用靶点。此外,由于生物体是完整的有机整体,体内存在复杂的反馈机制,污染物对生物体的神经毒性影响最终可能会表现在多种神经化学物质上。因此,当涉及神经化学物质的神经毒性研究时,特别是未知机理的神经毒性研究时,应尽可能地覆盖更多的神经化学物质,才能准确和全面地评估污染物的神经毒性效应及其机制。
同时分析多种神经化学物质无疑对分析手段提出了更高的挑战。传统的单个测定神经化学物质的方法已很难满足对神经化学物质高通量分析的要求。当前,能够同时检测多种神经化学物质检测方法主要有气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和超高效液相色谱—串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)等,其中GC-MS能够检测的物质比较有限,HPLC的灵敏度较低,而UPLC-MS/MS不仅能够同时检测更多的化学物质,且具有更高的灵敏度和准确度[15-17]。目前已有文献利用UPLC-MS/MS对神经化学物质进行检测,但是,大部分研究也仅包括几种典型神经递质,如血清素、乙酰胆碱、谷氨酸、多巴胺等[18-19]。本研究共选取了包括组胺能、谷氨酸能、胆碱能、羟色胺能、儿茶酚胺能和肾上腺素能系统在内的24种神经化学物质,这些物质包括典型的神经递质及其前体和代谢物,以期能够更加全面地反映神经系统对污染物的响应。
稀有鮈鲫是中国特有鱼种,属于冷水鱼,具有对污染物敏感,易饲养等特点,在一些毒性实验中已经被采用为模式鱼种。鱼类是典型的水生动物,关于污染物对鱼类的神经毒性影响已有许多报导[20-22]。本文采用稀有鮈鲫作为受试动物,结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS),建立了一种适用于包括稀有鮈鲫在内的鱼体中24种神经化学物质同时检测的快速分析方法,为全面评估污染物对鱼类的神经毒性影响提供技术手段。
稀有鮈鲫体内多种神经化学物质的同时测定
Simultaneous determination of multiple neurochemicals in Chinese rare minnow
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摘要: 本文建立了一种可以同时检测稀有鮈鲫体内24种神经化学物质的分析方法。该方法采用QuEChERS技术对样品进行提取和净化,待测物采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)分析,利用同位素内标法进行定量。该方法仪器检测限(IDL)范围为0.01—0.06 ng·mL−1,方法定量限(MQL)范围为0.28—1.97 ng·g−1。在两种浓度添加水平下,基质效应处于60.6%—129.0%之间,相对回收率处于66.8%—116.7%之间,仪器日内偏差≤ 8.3%,仪器日间偏差≤10.9%,方法相对标准偏差≤ 10.8%。结果表明,该方法准确可靠,满足鱼体中神经化学物质定量分析要求。Abstract: An analytical method was developed to simultaneously detect 24 neurochemicals in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). In the method, QuEChERS is employed to extract and purify the sample. The neurochemicals are then analyzed and quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) based on isotope internal standard method. The instrument detection limits (IDL) range from 0.01 to 0.06 ng·mL−1, and the method quantification limits (MQL) are in the range of 0.28 to 1.97 ng·g−1. The matrix effects are between 60.6% and 129.0% at the two spiking levels. The relative recoveries are in the range of 66.8% to 116.7%. The instrument intraday deviation are less than or equal to 8.3%, the instrument daily deviation are less than or equal to 10.9%, the relative standard deviations of method are less than or equal to 10.8%. The results show that the method is accurate and reliable, and meets the requirement of neurochemicals detection in fish.
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表 1 24种神经化学物质和11种同位素内标详细信息
Table 1. The detailed information of neurochemicals and isotope internal standard
神经系统分类
Category神经化学物质
Neurochemical英文全称
English name简称
Abbreviation纯度
Purity胆碱能系统 乙酰胆碱 Acetylcholine ACh 98% 胆碱 Choline Cho 98% 甘油磷酰胆碱 Glycerophosphocholine GPC 99% 磷酸胆碱 Phosphocholine CHOP 99% 甜菜碱 Betaine Bet 98% 羟色胺能系统 血清素 Serotonin 5-HT 99% 色氨酸 Tryptophan Trp 99% 5-羟基色氨酸 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan 5-HTP 98% 5-羟基吲哚-3-乙酸 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-HIAA 99% 儿茶酚胺能系统 左旋多巴 3,4-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine L-DOPA 99% 多巴胺 Dopamine DA 98% 3-甲氧基酪胺 3-Methoxytyramine 3-MT 99% 酪氨酸 Tyrosine Tyrs 99% 酪胺 Tyramine Tyrm 97% 肾上腺素能系统 肾上腺素 Epinephrine E 100% 去甲肾上腺素 Norepinephrine NE 98% 去甲变肾上腺素 Normetanephrine MNE 99% 谷氨酸能系统 L-谷氨酰胺 L-Glutamine Gln 99% L-谷氨酸 L-Glutamic acid Glu 99% L-缬氨酸 L-Valine Val 99% 其他神经系统相关物质 组织胺 Histamine HSM 97% L-天冬氨酸 L-Aspartic acid Asp 98% L-蛋氨酸 L-Methionine Met 99% L-脯氨酸 L-Proline Prol 99% 同位素内标 乙酰胆碱-d4 Acetylcholine-d4 ACh-d4 99% 胆碱-d4 Choline-d4 Cho-d4 99% 甜菜碱-d3 Betaine-d3 Bet-d3 99% 血清素-d4 Serotonin-d4 5-HT-d4 99% 5-羟基吲哚-3-乙酸-d5 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid-d5 5-HIAA-d5 99% 多巴胺-d4 Dopamine-d5 DA-d4 99% 左旋多巴-d3 3,4-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine-d3 L-DOPA-d3 99% 酪氨酸-13C Tyrosine -13C Tyrs-13C 99% 去甲变肾上腺素-d3 Normetanephrine-d3 MNE-d3 99% L-缬氨酸-13C L-Valine-13C Val-13C 99% 脯氨酸-13C5,15N L-Proline-13C5,15N Prol-13C5,15N 99% 表 2 保留时间、反应离子对和对应内标物
Table 2. Retention time, transitions and Internal internal standard
神经化学物质 Neurochemical 保留时间/
min
RT反应离子对 Transitions 对应内标物 Internal standard 神经化学物质 Neurochemical 保留时间/
min
RT反应离子对 Transitions 对应内标物 Internal standard ACh 1.85 145.8>87.0* ACh-d4 Gln 1.42 147.0>84.0* Val-13C 145.8>60.1 147.0>130.0 Cho 1.46 104.1>45.0 Cho-d4 Glu 1.45 148.0>84.1* Val-13C 104.1>60.2* 148.0>102.0 GPC 1.43 258.1>60.0 ACh-d4 Val 1.63 118.0>55.1 Val-13C 258.1>104.0* 118.0>72.0* CHOP 1.43 184.1>86.1* ACh-d4 HSM 1.25 112.1>68.0* Val-13C 184.1>125.1 112.1>95.0 Bet 1.49 118.1>58.2 Bet-d3 Asp 1.42 134.0>74.0* Prol-13C5,15N 118.1>59.1* 134.0>88.0 5-HT 4.57 159.8>114.9* 5-HT-d4 Met 1.91 149.8>132.8* Prol-13C5,15N 159.8>132.0 149.8>103.8 Trp 6.65 205.1>146.0* 5-HT-d4 Prol 1.49 116.0>42.7 Prol-13C5,15N 205.1>118.0 116.0>70.0* 5-HTP 4.12 220.8>133.8 5-HT-d4 ACh-d4 1.85 149.9>42.7 220.8>161.8* 149.9>90.8* 5-HIAA 7.16 192.2>146.1* 5-HIAA-d5 Cho-d4 1.46 108.1>60.4 L-DOPA 2.00 197.8>152.1 L-DOPA-d3 108.1>49.1* 197.8>181.1* Bet-d3 1.49 121.1>61.2* DA 2.03 136.8>64.8* DA-d4 5-HT-d4 4.61 163.8>135.9* 136.8>90.8 163.8>117.8 3-MT 3.39 167.8>150.8* DA-d4 5-HIAA-d5 7.15 197.0>150.2* 167.8>90.8 197.0>122.2 Tyrs 2.51 182.0>136.0* Tyrs-13C L-DOPA-d3 2.00 200.8>153.9* 182.0>165.0 200.8>140.8 Tyrm 2.58 137.8>120.9* Tyrs-13C DA-d4 2.04 140.8>123.1 137.8>76.8 140.8>94.8* E 1.86 184.1>106.9* MNE-d3 Tyrs-13C 2.50 183.1>91.1 184.1>134.8 183.1>136.2* NE 1.68 151.8>135.0 MNE-d3 MNE-d3 2.04 168.8>137.0* 151.8>107.0* 168.8>109.0 MNE 2.02 165.8>133.9* MNE-d3 Val-13C 1.63 119.1>55.1* 165.8>149.0 Prol-13C5,15N 1.49 122.0>75.0* 注:*:定量离子对. Note: *: Quantification transition. 表 3 方法基质效应和相对回收率
Table 3. Matrix effects and relative recoveries
神经化学物质
neurochemical相对回收率/%
Relative recovery基质效应/%
Matrix effect5 ng·mL−1 50 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 50 ng·mL−1 ACh 97.2±6.7 87.3±2.7 117.0±2.2 84.6±7.0 Cho 97.4±6.0 100.0±7.3 105.5±6.6 95.5±7.7 GPC 104.8±9.4 109.4±4.5 126.0±18.5 88.4±4.4 CHOP 96.3±10.4 75.0±9.5 93.6±8.2 78.3±9.3 Bet 90.1±4.2 77.7±8.3 95.0±6.7 72.1±12.5 5-HT 91.2±5.5 96.0±4.8 79.5±1.6 104.1±2.2 Trp 100.5±5.7 86.9±8.3 72.5±2.9 76.7±3.2 5-HTP 89.8±6.2 89.1±9.6 99.4±1.2 102.0±4.4 5-HIAA 89.7±4.4 84.6±6.4 93.3±10.2 79.6±3.4 L-DOPA 96.3±5.7 91.7±5.8 91.1±15.3 61.8±15.8 DA 97.7±7.4 74.3±11.5 109.1±3.6 66.3±16.2 3-MT 103.9±2.0 85.3±8.8 84.8±5.9 117.2±5.7 Tyrs 101.8±7.0 76.2±9.8 95.9±3.0 87.0±7.3 Tyrm 99.1±9.8 111.6±8.0 103.6±6.1 96.1±0.4 E 101.5±3.3 85.1±8.7 113.8±7.7 60.6±15.6 NE 93.1±2.5 82.3±1.8 77.1±2.5 95.7±1.9 MNE 96.5±8.5 92.9±4.7 105.3±9.5 89.7±6.3 Gln 87.1±2.2 87.2±7.4 100.6±1.6 71.7±0.8 Glu 104.7±4.5 74.1±5.6 108.5±1.5 77.6±8.9 Val 91.3±8.4 66.8±1.0 105.5±2.8 70.4±9.4 HSM 107.9±9.1 79.7±10.7 99.5±2.5 67.4±12.9 Asp 83.4±4.1 98.4±10.6 100.7±5.7 97.6±11.5 Met 116.7±2.4 88.9±3.5 129.0±12.3 88.9±0.6 Prol 105.4±8.2 113.4±6.9 101.9±3.2 97.3±5.3 注:基质效应>100%表示增强;<100%表示抑制. Note: matrix effect >100% means enhancement; <100% means suppression. 表 4 仪器有效性和方法有效性(n=5)
Table 4. Instrumental validation and method validation (n=5)
神经化学物质
Neurochemical仪器日内偏差/%
Instrument intraday deviation RSD仪器日间偏差/%
Instrumental Interday deviation RSD方法精密度/%
Method precision RSD5 ng·mL−1 50 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 50 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 50 ng·mL−1 ACh 3.5 0.2 3.2 1.1 7.0 3.1 Cho 1.1 1.4 8.4 5.3 6.1 7.3 GPC 2.7 1.3 5.5 4.0 9.0 4.1 CHOP 5.9 1.8 3.5 2.9 10.8 5.3 Bet 2.0 0.3 4.7 2.6 4.6 10.3 5-HT 5.0 1.5 3.8 2.3 6.0 5.0 Trp 3.2 0.4 2.3 1.0 5.7 9.6 5-HTP 3.2 4.7 7.1 2.3 6.9 10.8 5-HIAA 1.4 0.3 2.4 0.8 4.9 7.8 L-DOPA 7.0 1.1 9.8 10.9 6.0 6.3 DA 1.2 0.3 7.3 3.0 7.6 10.7 3-MT 2.1 0.6 4.2 1.7 1.9 10.4 Tyrs 5.7 4.5 3.6 2.5 6.9 9.6 Tyrm 3.7 1.4 5.4 4.3 9.9 7.1 E 5.2 5.8 8.4 3.1 3.2 10.2 NE 2.6 3.4 9.0 8.8 2.7 2.1 MNE 2.9 2.1 7.5 4.3 8.8 5.0 Gln 6.0 1.0 3.8 2.0 2.5 8.5 Glu 1.7 1.7 7.6 3.6 4.3 3.0 Val 4.5 2.0 3.6 2.2 9.2 1.6 HSM 3.1 1.1 6.6 1.2 8.5 1.2 Asp 8.3 2.3 5.1 3.3 5.0 2.3 Met 6.7 3.8 7.4 3.4 2.1 7.1 Prol 3.6 0.4 7.3 5.1 7.8 6.1 表 5 方法线性关系和检出限
Table 5. linear relationship and detection limits
神经化学物质
Neurochemical线性方程
Linear equation相关系数
Correlation coefficient仪器检测限/(ng·mL−1)
IDL方法定量限/(ng·g−1)
MQLACh y=0.0588x 0.9956 0.01 0.31 Cho y=0.1136x+18.186 0.9974 0.04 1.23 GPC y=0.0242x+0.0275 0.9968 0.01 0.29 CHOP y=0.0017x−0.0047 0.9900 0.02 0.62 Bet y=0.0934x+7.0849 0.9959 0.01 0.33 5-HT y=0.2304x−0.2847 0.9974 0.06 1.97 Trp y=0.5648x+1.6208 0.9982 0.01 0.30 5-HTP y=0.2386x+0.0196 0.9988 0.01 0.33 5-HIAA y=0.1255x+0.0154 0.9995 0.01 0.33 L-DOPA y=0.0755x+0.292 0.9989 0.03 0.93 DA y=0.333x+0.6576 0.9958 0.01 0.31 3-MT y=0.4708x+2.968 0.9950 0.03 0.87 Tyrs y=0.0766x+0.3108 0.9951 0.02 0.59 Tyrm y=0.037x−0.0155 0.9958 0.05 1.51 E y=0.0074x−0.0024 0.9959 0.02 0.59 NE y=0.1x−0.2194 0.9975 0.01 0.32 MNE y=0.0334x+0.0628 0.9995 0.01 0.31 Gln y=0.3987x+0.9834 0.9989 0.02 0.69 Glu y=0.7131x+2.3598 0.9984 0.01 0.29 Val y=1.0057x+12.349 0.9968 0.02 0.66 HSM y=0.2451x−0.3618 0.9935 0.01 0.28 Asp y=0.0029x+0.0356 0.9980 0.03 1.08 Met y=0.0733x+0.5839 0.9990 0.03 0.77 Prol y=0.8398x+7.5476 0.9965 0.01 0.28 表 6 稀有鮈鲫体内神经化学物质含量(n=7)
Table 6. Concentrations of neurochemicals in Chinese rare minnow(n=7)
神经化学物质
Neurochemical雄鱼含量* /(ng·g−1)(湿重)
Male雌鱼含量* /(ng·g−1)(湿重)
FemaleACh 66.3±8.9 55.8±6.5 GPC 2.8±0.7 1.1±0.2 CHOP 6.0±2.2 4.0±0.8 5-HT 11.0±1.5 11.8±0.9 Trp 28.9±2.9 33.1±3.0 5-HIAA 13.6±1.6 11.1±1.8 L-DOPA 53.9±5.1 40.8±5.5 DA 611.1±80.2 660.1±74.3 3-MT 475.9±69.7 501.7±75.2 Tyrs 1189.4±69.4 184.0±95.5 Tyrm 840.7±52.2 034.5 ±150.7 E 5.7±0.6 6.0±0.5 NE 2.7±0.2 2.5±0.2 MNE 6.2±0.3 6.3±0.4 Gln 32.1±5.0 31.7±2.4 Glu 48.4±5.0 47.9±5.5 Val 849.7±54.6 273.0 ±121.7 HSM 33.1±5.5 38.3±7.4 *: Mean±SD. -
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