聚苯乙烯微塑料和重金属镉对蚯蚓的联合毒性效应
Combined Toxic Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics and Cadmium on Earthworms
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摘要: 微塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题，具有与环境中污染物相互作用的潜力。陆地环境中微塑料与重金属的复合污染日益受到关注，但二者对土壤生物的复合毒性效应研究仍较为缺乏。为探究微塑料和重金属对土壤生物蚯蚓的毒性效应，以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为受试生物，通过滤纸接触法(48 h)试验，探讨聚苯乙烯微塑料(PS-MPs)存在下重金属镉(Cd)对蚯蚓的致死作用。随后采用人工土壤法(14 d)试验，研究PS-MPs与Cd复合污染土壤对蚯蚓生长和生理生化指标的影响。滤纸接触法结果表明，与0.008 μg·cm-2和0.160 μg·cm-2 PS-MPs复合作用时，Cd对赤子爱胜蚓的48 h半数致死剂量(48 h-LD50)由13.55 μg·cm-2分别增至14.44 μg·cm-2和16.26 μg·cm-2，即PS-MPs在一定程度上缓解了Cd对蚯蚓的急性致死效应。人工土壤法结果显示，Cd和PS-MPs复合污染对蚯蚓生长具有一定抑制作用；过氧化氢酶活性降低，丙二醛含量上升，表明二者复合作用对蚯蚓产生氧化胁迫；纤维素酶活性升高，碱性磷酸酶活性受抑，说明复合污染影响蚯蚓物质代谢能力；采用彗星试验检验蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤，彗尾长度、彗尾DNA含量和Olive尾矩3项指标均显著上升，提示Cd和PS-MPs在环境中的共暴露具有潜在遗传毒性。该结果可为聚苯乙烯微塑料与重金属复合污染的生态毒理效应研究提供基础数据和科学依据。Abstract: As microplastics have the potentials to interact with pollutants in the environment, there has been a growing concern on the combined pollution of microplastics and heavy metals in the terrestrial environment. However, the studies of these combined effects on soil organisms are relatively rare. In order to investigate the adverse effects of microplastics and heavy metal, the filter paper test (48 h) was used to evaluate the lethal effect of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) with the presence and absence of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs). Furthermore, the artificial soil test (14 d) was applied to estimate the combined effects of PS-MPs and Cd on E. fetida from the perspectives of growth and physiological indicators. The results of filter paper test showed that the 48 h-LD50 of Cd to E. fetida was 13.55 μg·cm-2. However, when 0.008 μg·cm-2 and 0.160 μg·cm-2 PS-MPs were added, the 48 h-LD50 value increased to 14.44 μg·cm-2 and 16.26 μg·cm-2, respectively, indicating that the presence of PS-MPs alleviated the acute lethal effect of Cd on E. fetida. Artificial soil experiment results showed that the co-exposure of Cd and PS-MPs inhibited the catalase activity and the growth of E. fetida, however, the content of malondialdehyde was significantly enhanced, suggesting that the combined stress of Cd and PS-MPs caused oxidative damage. Besides, it was found that the cellulase activity increased and alkaline phosphatase activity decreased during artificial soil test process, implying that co-exposure of PS-MPs and Cd had an adverse effect on the metabolic capacity of earthworms. The comet assay was used to detect length of comet tail, comet tail DNA content and Olive tail moment of earthworm coelomocytes, and the three indicators were also increased significantly, suggesting that the co-exposure of Cd and PS-MPs had potential genotoxic effects on earthworm. Overall, these results provide general information and scientific basis for the study of the ecotoxicological effects of PS-MPs and heavy metal.
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Key words:
- microplastics /
- cadmium /
- Eisenia fetida /
- acute toxicity /
- comet assay
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