华南电子垃圾拆解区室内灰尘中HBCDs和TBBPA的组成特征及人体暴露风险
Composition Characteristics and Human Exposure Risk of HBCDs and TBBPA in Indoor Dust of South China’s E-waste Recycling Sites
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摘要: 本研究在广东省3个电子垃圾拆解区的5个场所采集室内灰尘，使用固相萃取小柱进行清洗和分馏，通过气相色谱-质谱分析了室内灰尘中六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecanes, HBCDs)和四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA)的含量、HBCDs的组成特征，并估算了成人和婴儿的日暴露量。结果表明：(1)5个场所的灰尘中HBCDs的浓度分别为5～149、5～411、85～905、8～1 076和11～48 745 ng·g-1，平均值分别为61、173、329、176和6 481 ng·g-1，HBCDs平均浓度由高到低为：场所5＞场所3＞场所2＞场所4＞场所1，这表明贵屿镇的HBCDs污染最重，龙塘镇次之，大沥镇相对较轻；TBBPA的浓度分别为27～2 121、98～74 202、916～6 700、61～122 986和4 568～2 631 488 ng·g-1，平均值分别为595、15 181、2 480、14 765和527 653 ng·g-1，TBBPA平均浓度由高到低为：场所5＞场所2＞场所4＞场所3＞场所1，贵屿镇＞龙塘镇＞大沥镇，这表明贵屿镇的TBBPA污染最重，龙塘镇次之，大沥镇最轻，与HBCDs分布情况相同；(2)TBBPA的浓度高于HBCDs，是主要的污染物，除场所1外，其他场所室内灰尘的TBBPA浓度与HBCDs无关(P＞0.05)；(3)5个场所的室内灰尘中HBCDs均以α-HBCD和γ-HBCD为主，其分布因受光降解影响而不同；(4)经灰尘摄入的HBCDs、TBBPA成年人日最高暴露量分别为未检出～21.7 ng·kg-1、0.02～1 490 ng·kg-1，均低于参考值(200 ng·kg-1和600 000 ng·kg-1)；婴儿日最高暴露量分别为0.09～507 ng·kg-1、0.47～34 774 ng·kg-1，HBCDs最高暴露值高于参考值，TBBPA最高暴露值低于参考值但远高于成人，故婴儿更容易受到TBBPA和HBCDs的影响，应引起重视；(5)贵屿镇是我国最大电子垃圾拆解地，居民摄入HBCDs(507 ng·kg-1·d-1)、TBBPA(34 774 ng·kg-1·d-1)的最高暴露量(95%水平)远高于龙塘镇和大沥镇。在这些电子垃圾拆解地区，应更加注意HBCDs和TBBPA的污染，这些污染物对当地公众健康的威胁应持续关注。Abstract: In the present study, indoor dust samples were collected from five sites of three electronic-waste recycling areas in Guangdong Province. The occurrence and compositions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in indoor dust were analyzed. Human exposure to flame retardants (FRs) via dust ingestion for adults and infants was estimated. The conclusions were as follows: (1) the concentrations of HBCDs in dust from five sites were 5～149, 5～411, 85～905, 8～1 076 and 11～48 745 ng·g-1, with average concentrations of 61, 173, 329, 176 and 6 481 ng·g-1. The average concentrations of HBCDs ranked as: site 5 > site 3 > site 2 > site 4 > site 1, indicating the most serious pollution of HBCDs in Guiyu Town, followed by Longtang and Dali Town. The concentrations of TBBPA were 27～2 121, 98～74 202, 916～6 700, 61～122 986 and 4 568～2 631 488 ng·g-1, with the average values of 595, 15 181, 2 480, 14 765 and 527 653 ng·g-1. The average concentrations of TBBPA ranked the same with HBCDs in different sites. (2) The concentrations of TBBPA were higher than those of HBCDs, and TBBPA was the main pollutant. Concentrations of TBBPA were not significantly correlated with those of HBCDs (P>0.05) in dust from all sites except site 1. (3) HBCDs were dominated by α- and γ-HBCDs, and HBCD compositions was influenced by light degradation. (4) The highest daily exposure values of HBCDs and TBBPA were 0.004～21.7 ng·kg-1 and 0.02～1 490 ng·kg-1, respectively, which were lower than the reference values (200 ng·kg-1 and 600 000 ng·kg-1). The maximum daily exposure of HBCDs and TBBPA for infants were 0.09～507 ng·kg-1 and 0.47～34 774 ng·kg-1, respectively. The maximum exposure value of HBCDs was higher than the reference value. The maximum exposure value of TBBPA was lower than the reference value. Infants are more vulnerable to TBBPA and HBCDs, which should be paid attention. (5) Guiyu Town is the largest e-waste recycling site in China. The highest exposure values (95%) of HBCDs (507 ng·kg-1·d-1) and TBBPA (34 774 ng·kg-1·d-1) for residents in Guiyu Town were much higher than those of Longtang and Dali Town. In these e-waste dismantling areas, more attention should be paid to the pollution and health threat of HBCDs and TBBPA.
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