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细菌耐药性感染日益影响人类健康和经济发展[1-2]。英国卫生部报告显示,若不采取有效措施,到2050年,细菌耐药性将导致全球每年出现1 000万人死亡[3]。耐药基因 (antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs) 是细菌获得耐药表型的关键遗传载体,故被列为全球重要的新兴环境污染物之一[4-6]。
城市水系统中的污水处理系统被证明是ARGs的重要储存库之一,同时也是ARGs污染传播至受纳环境的主要来源[7-8]。在污水处理系统中,ARGs的产生和增殖与污水中选择压密切相关[8-9]。已有研究报道了纳米银[10-11]、纳米铜/氧化铜[12-14]、纳米氧化锌 (nZnO) [15]和纳米零价铁 (nZVI) [16-17]等纳米金属及氧化物对污水处理系统活性污泥中总体ARGs分布与归趋的影响。MILLER等[10]通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应 (qPCR) 证明,环境浓度纳米银 (0.01~1.0 mg·L−1) 对厌氧消化器中四环素和磺胺类ARGs的丰度无显著影响。MA等[11]通过宏基因组测序分析发现,经过56 d的纳米银 (0.1~20 mg·L−1) 驯化,活性污泥中绝大多数类型ARGs的分布无明显变化,但可促使氨基糖苷类ARGs (如strA) 和吖啶黄类ARGs (acrB) 分别提高300%、50%。此外,ZHANG等[15]发现,nZnO颗粒导致污泥厌氧消化系统中可移动遗传元件 (mobile genetic elements,MGEs) 绝对丰度增加了354.70%,因此可能会增加ARGs的传播风险。最近两项研究基于相关性分析得出,nZVI主要通过改变ARGs潜在微生物寄主降低氯霉素废水处理系统[16]和厌氧消化系统[17]中ARGs的丰度。需要明确的是,污水处理系统中ARGs根据其形态可分为污泥细胞内ARGs (iARGs) 、污泥细胞外附着态ARGs (aeARGs) 和污水细胞外游离态ARGs (feARGs) [18-19]。ARGs的赋存形态不同,其增殖与传播方式亦不相同[19-20]。iARGs主要通过细胞分裂或水平接合进行增殖,而aeARGs和feARGs主要来源于细胞死亡裂解或主动分泌,并能借助转化和转导机制传播[19,21-22]。然而,金属纳米粒子对污水处理系统中不同形态ARGs增殖与传播能力的影响及其机制尚未探明。
本研究采用抗生素敏感性测验和qPCR考察不同质量浓度nZVI和nZnO暴露对污水处理系统中典型磺胺类耐药菌 (ARB) 浓度和不同形态ARGs丰度的影响,并通过检测细胞膜通透性、ARGs表达水平及典型MGEs (intI1) 分布特征阐明nZVI和nZnO暴露下ARGs的转变机制,有助于揭示金属纳米粒子和细菌耐药性的双重新兴环境污染效应,以期为研发高效控制污水处理系统中耐药污染的策略提供参考。
纳米金属对污水处理系统中磺胺耐药基因和耐药菌的影响及其机理
Effects and mechanisms of metallic nanoparticles on the fate of sulfanilamide antibiotic resistance genes and resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment system
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摘要: 细菌耐药性和纳米材料污染为新兴环境问题。细菌耐药性遗传载体——耐药基因 (ARGs) 广泛存在于污水处理系统中,且已被证明与金属纳米材料密切相关。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,探究了纳米零价铁 (nZVI) 和纳米氧化锌 (nZnO) 对污水处理系统中磺胺类耐药菌 (ARB) 和ARGs的分布特征的影响。结果表明,50 mg·L−1 nZVI和nZnO暴露均有利于削减磺胺ARB浓度数。与对照组相比,nZVI和nZnO暴露后污泥中sul1丰度增加了0.25%~16.21%,而sul2出现明显削减 (1.51%~15.47%) 。此外,50 mg·L−1 nZVI会导致游离态胞外ARGs大幅削减。nZVI和nZnO暴露通过富集污水处理系统中的intI1、改变细胞膜通透性和调节细菌转录能力促进sul1的增殖。本研究结果阐明了典型纳米金属对污水处理系统中ARB和不同形态ARGs消长的影响及其机制,可为制定有效调控和全面削减污水处理系统中耐药污染策略提供参考。
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关键词:
- 耐药基因(ARGs) /
- 耐药菌(ARB) /
- 纳米零价铁(nZVI) /
- 纳米氧化锌(nZnO) /
- 污水处理系统
Abstract: Antibiotic resistance and nanomaterials contaminants are important emerging environmental issues worldwide. Antibiotic resistance vectors—antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) widely exist in wastewater treatment systems and have been proved to be closely related to metal nanoparticles. The influences of nano zero valent iron (nZVI) and nano zinc oxide (nZnO) on the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and different forms of ARGs in wastewater treatment system were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that 50 mg·L−1 nZVI and nZnO exposure was beneficial to the reduction of ARB concentration. Compared with the control group, the abundance of sul1 in the sludge after exposure to nZVI and nZnO increased by 0.25%~16.21%, while sul2 decreased significantly (1.51%~15.47%). In addition, 50 mg·L−1 nZVI led to a significant reduction in free extracellular ARGs. nZVI and nZnO exposure can promote the proliferation of sul1 by enriching intI1, changing the permeability of cell membrane and regulating the transcription ability of bacteria. The present study was helpful for clarifying the effects and mechanisms of metal nanoparticles on the fate of ARB and different forms of ARGs in the wastewater treatment system, which may lay the foundation for effective regulation and mitigation strategies of antibiotic resistance in the wastewater treatment system. -
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