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水体富营养化导致藻类等水生浮游植物大量繁殖并形成水华,其中蓝藻属的铜绿微囊藻引起的水华最为常见,还释放藻毒素,严重威胁到其他水生生物生态功能的正常发挥,甚至影响人类的健康[1]。为此我们已经提出了许多方法来管理广泛存在的蓝藻水华,如水更新、沉积物疏浚、使用硫酸铜、高锰酸钾、氯和臭氧开发蓝藻杀菌剂,以及建造湿地和由植物、动物和微生物组成的漂浮岛屿[2]。然而,这些方法存在各种缺点,如成本高、二次污染、流域小、不切实际等,使得目前为止仍然没有一种经济有效环境友好型的治理方法[3]。因此,有必要确定具有高效、安全和经济特征的环境友好型蓝藻控制策略。化感作用的发现和利用为降低蓝藻细菌的丰度、维持生态平衡和可持续性提供了一种新的、有前途的方法[4]。
目前已经证实了化感作用可通过损害细胞微结构、细胞活力、光合作用、细胞内氧化还原平衡和酶活性,来抑制蓝藻的生长,并导致细胞程序性死亡和细胞外物质的释放[5]。高云霓等发现穗花狐尾藻种植水显著抑制铜绿微囊藻产毒株和非产毒株的生长,影响其生理过程[6]。崔莉凤[7]等通过研究证实了水生植物干燥体仍具有化感物质,穗花狐尾藻浸出液对微囊藻的生长和产毒都具有很强的抑制能力,其中对微囊藻的生长抑制率最高能够达到91.89%。朱俊英[8]等在共培养条件下研究发现铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素-a含量及叶绿素荧光参数在穗花狐尾藻分泌的化感物质作用下显著降低。高浩杰[9]以轮叶狐尾藻为实验材料,证实了轮叶狐尾藻分泌出的化感物质会破坏铜绿微囊藻的细胞膜结构从而造成细胞损伤,导致铜绿微囊藻死亡。诺加罗等[10]发现霍甫水丝蚓生物扰动能够提高反硝化菌的活性,同时增强了氨化作用。KANG等[11]也发现霍甫水丝蚓的投加有利于有机质的分解,增加碳氮比,为微生物脱氮提供了充足的碳源,同时在水丝蚓的扰动作用下水-沉积物界面处溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)降低,微生物的电子受体在沉积物水平上重新分布,利于反硝化菌的生长和反硝化进程加快,刺激了微生物脱氮活性。霍甫水丝蚓可以改善水生植物根系土壤的理化性质,促进养分循环,利于植物生长,提高植物产量和抵抗外在胁迫的能力,可提高水生植物的修复效果[12]。
底栖动物是水生生态系统的重要组成部分之一,在维持生物多样性和生态平衡方面具有巨大的应用潜力。底栖动物很容易食用底栖藻类、浮游植物和陆生有机物,其本身就是鱼类食物的组成部分[13]。ZUO[14]等采用微观实验方法探讨了底栖动物对大型植物化感作用的影响,结果表明,4种代表性的底栖动物在单独培养中表现出较低的海藻抑制作用,当底栖动物与被试微藻完全混合时,其抑制率有所提高。此外,大型植物对海藻的化感抑制作用与底栖动物平均单株生物量呈显著正相关。与不含底栖动物和沉水植物的疏浚区相比,沉水植物填充区藻类生物量和密度显著降低。水底大型植物和底栖动物共同存在的区域藻华最少,这是底栖动物和大型植物协同作用的结果。因此,本研究通过霍甫水丝蚓来改变穗花狐尾藻的根际微环境,对共培种植水纯化且将其加入铜绿微囊藻中,通过对铜绿微囊藻生化指标的测定考察了水丝蚓对穗花狐尾藻化感作用的影响,为底栖动物促进大型水生植物的化感作用提供依据。
不同投加密度的霍甫水丝蚓对穗花狐尾藻化感抑藻效应的影响
Effect of different density of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri on allelopathic Myriophyllum spicatum inhibition
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摘要: 利用沉水植物释放化感物质抑制水体中蓝藻生长是目前生态安全性极高的抑藻手段。穗花狐尾藻已被证实具有抑藻作用,为此,从外在生物作用可能会对沉水植物抑藻产生影响的角度出发,选用霍甫水丝蚓和穗花狐尾藻、铜绿微囊藻(FACHB-524)为研究对象,以低、中、高密度霍甫水丝蚓与穗花狐尾藻进行共培养,同时设置对照组(无霍甫水丝蚓投加即零密度组),并以蒸馏水代替种植水为空白组;对穗花狐尾藻种植水进行抑藻效应测定,对比分析了各组铜绿微囊藻的藻密度、SOD酶活性、MDA含量、叶绿素-a含量的变化。结果表明:处理组的抑藻效应显著高于对照组,霍甫水丝蚓对穗花狐尾藻的促进作用与霍甫水丝蚓密度相关,且霍甫水丝蚓对穗花狐尾藻化感抑藻效应存在一个最佳密度。不同密度(低、中、高)的霍甫水丝蚓的存在均可增强穗花狐尾藻化感作用。其中中密度组最为显著,其抑藻率最高可达到62.22%,各处理组叶绿素-a含量下降,中密度组最为显著。对藻细胞的生理指标进行分析,发现处理组中SOD 活性先升后降、MDA含量持续升高,化感物质造成藻细胞活性氧的过量积累可能是导致其死亡的直接原因。Abstract: The release of allelopathic substances by submerged plants to inhibit the growth of cyanobacteria in waterbody is a highly ecological safety method. Myriophyllum spicatum has been proved to have an algal inhibiting effect. In this study, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Myriophyllum spicatum and Microcystis aeruginosa (FACHB-524) were chosen as the main research objects from the perspective that external biological effects might affect the algal inhibiting effect of submerged plants. High, medium, and low densities of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Myriophyllum spicatum were cocultured, and control 1 (zero density group without the addition of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) and control 2 (control group) with distilled water instead of planting water were set up in the experments. The algal inhibiting effect of Myriophyllum spicatum planting water was determined. The variations of density, SOD activity, MDA content and chlorophyll a content of Microcystis aeruginosa in each group were measured for comparative analysis. The results showed that the algal inhibiting effect of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The promoting effect of the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri on the Myriophyllum spicatum was related to the density of the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, and there was an optimal density of the allelopathic algal inhibiting effect of the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri on the Myriophyllum spicatum. The allelopathy of Myriophyllum spicatum was enhanced by the presence of different densities (low, medium and high) of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. of which the medium density group had the most significant inhibiting effect with the highest algal inhibiting rate of 62.22%. The content of chlorophyll a decreased in all treatment groups, and the medium density group was the most one. The analysis of physiological indexes of algal cells showed that SOD activity increased firstly and then decreased, and MDA content continued to increase in the treatment group. The excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species caused by allelopathic substances might be the direct cause of algal cell death.
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表 1 化感物质含量测定
Table 1. Allelochemicals content determination
mg·kg−1 化感物质 高密度 低密度 中密度 零密度 组织提取物 十一碳酸(十一酸) 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.21 0.28 十六碳酸(棕榈酸) 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.18 1.78 十八碳酸(硬脂酸) 0.21 0.25 0.27 0.13 0.38 顺-9-十八碳一烯酸(油酸) 0.13 0.17 0.26 0.10 1.00 顺,顺-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(亚油酸) 0.23 0.28 0.43 0.10 6.17 顺,顺,顺-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸(亚麻酸) 0 0 0 0 0.37 二十碳酸(花生脂酸) 0 0 0 0 0.20 顺,顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸(花生二烯) 0 0 0 0 0.21 顺-13,16-二十二碳二烯酸(二十二碳二烯酸) 0.71 0.76 0.86 0.60 1.31 水杨酸 0 0 0 0 0.76 茉莉酸 0.42 0.55 0.71 0.33 6.23 -
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