-
台特玛湖是我国最大的内陆河塔里木河与车尔臣河的尾闾湖。20世纪70年代后,由于塔里木河中上游截流用水,1 321 km的干流河道有近400 km出现断流,尾闾台特玛湖干涸,大片胡杨林死亡[1]。为遏制塔里木河流域生态环境持续恶化,2000年国家启动了塔里木河流域近期综合治理工程,投资107×109元,向河流下游生态输水[2-3]。近20 a,台特玛湖水面逐渐恢复,现已成南疆第2大湖泊,湖泊生态环境不断得到改善,是阻断塔克拉玛干和罗布泊合拢的生态屏障[4-5]。台特玛湖周边50 km区域无人类居住、无工业和农业污染,其入湖河流水体水质是Ⅱ类,但台特玛湖水体呈劣Ⅴ类水质,主要超标因子为COD、氟化物、TN,因此,需要结合流域和气候特征,进一步探究台特玛湖流域水质超标的原因。
DOM是湖泊生态系统中一种重要的化学组分,作为表征有机污染的重要指标,主要由C、H、O、N、S和P等元素组成[6],在污染物的迁移转化、生物降解和营养物质循环等方面也扮演着重要角色[7-9]。而荧光光谱法具有快速、高灵敏度、低检测限、所需样品量少和对样品结构无破坏等特点[10-11],被广泛用于研究各类水体中的DOM。目前针对台特玛湖的研究主要集中在台特玛湖生态输水后湖泊面积变化[5]、植物群落及多样性[12-13]和土地利用变化[14-15]等,但相关水环境质量的研究却较少。为此,采用荧光光谱法研究台特玛湖流域水体DOM光谱特征,有利于从定性和定量的角度揭示DOM性质、浓度及分布特征等。
为探究台特玛湖水质超标原因以及DOM的来源,对台特玛湖流域水质指标进行了检测,通过DOM的三维荧光区域积分法和平行因子分析法,分析了DOM在台特玛湖流域水生生态系统中的组成,研究了其各组分的光谱特征,探讨了水质参数与荧光组分的关系,可为台特玛湖流域水环境保护提供参考。
台特玛湖流域水体溶解性有机质的光谱特征与来源解析
The fluorescent characteristics and sources of dissolved organic matter in water of Tetma Lake, China
-
摘要: 为探究台特玛湖水体水质超标原因,结合流域自然条件,以水中溶解性有机质(DOM)为研究对象,分析DOM的光谱特征和来源,通过平行因子分析(PARAFAC)和荧光区域积分分析(FRI)对台特玛湖流域水体DOM进行定性与定量分析。结果表明:PARAFAC识别出台特玛湖流域DOM中 4种主要荧光组分,分别为腐殖酸、类色氨酸、类酪氨酸(B峰和D峰),水体DOM主要组分为色氨酸类蛋白质和酪氨酸类蛋白质,占总体比例为66.57%,说明DOM来源主要以内源输入为主,腐殖化程度低;台特玛湖流域水体水质超标主要是因为尾闾湖的封闭性、面积大、高蒸发量且为浅水湖泊,导致个别水质指标不断富集;水体DOM各组分与TN和COD呈显著正相关,氟化物与矿化度之间呈显著正相关。本研究为台特玛湖水质超标提出的原因分析及建议措施可为台特玛湖流域水环境保护提供依据。Abstract: In order to explore the reasons for over standard on water quality of Tetma Lake, the dissolved organic matters (DOMs) in it was taken as the research object with the combination of the natural conditions of the basin. The fluorescence characteristics and sources of DOMs in Tetma lake were determined through qualitative and quantitative analysis of DOM with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and three-dimensional fluorescence regional integral (FRI) methods. The resulted showed that four fluorescence components were identified in lake DOMs by PARAFAC, they were humic acid, tryptophan-likeand tyrosine-like(peak B and peak D), respectively. The main components of DOMs in water body were divided into tryptophan protein and tyrosine protein, their overall proportion was 66.57%, these DOMs were mainly produced from self-generating endogenous sources in the water body of Tetma Lake, and their humification degree was low. The over standard on water quality of Tetma Lake was mainly due to the closedness, large area, shallow water depth and high evaporation of Tetma Lake, which leads to the continuous enrichment of individual water quality indicators. Each component of DOMs in water body was significantly positively correlated with TN and COD, and there was a strong positive correlation between fluoride and mineralization. The reason analysis and suggestions for the over standard on water quality can provide the basis for the environmental protection in Tetma Lake Basin.
-
[1] 邓铭江, 周海鹰, 徐海量, 等. 塔里木河下游生态输水与生态调度研究[J]. 中国科学:技术科学, 2016, 46(8): 864-876. [2] 胡正超, 刘洋, 李生宇, 等. 台特玛湖干涸湖盆风沙对公路潜在危害评价[J]. 国土与自然资源研究, 2018(2): 54-59. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-7853.2018.02.014 [3] 霍天赐, 颜伟, 马晓飞. 内陆河尾闾湖泊水域面积变化及驱动因素研究——以台特玛湖地区为例[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2020, 32(3): 149-156. [4] 李丽君, 张小清, 陈长清, 等. 近20 a塔里木河下游输水对生态环境的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2018, 41(2): 238-247. [5] 王慧玲, 吐尔逊·哈斯木. 生态输水前后台特玛湖生态环境变化探究分析[J]. 生态科学, 2020, 39(1): 93-100. doi: 10.14108/j.cnki.1008-8873.2020.01.013 [6] ALCP, AJLL, CSKB, et al. Seasonal changes in dissolved organic matter composition in Delaware Bay, USA in March and August 2014: ScienceDirect[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2018, 122: 87-97. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.05.005 [7] 卢松, 江韬, 张进忠, 等. 两个水库型湖泊中溶解性有机质三维荧光特征差异[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(2): 516-523. [8] 詹亚, 尹浩, 冯景伟, 等. 派河及其支流溶解性有机质分子组成特征[J/OL][J]. 环境科学, 2022, 43(3): 1365-1374. [9] 张广彩, 王雅南, 常昕, 等. 应用多元统计研究蘑菇湖水体DOM紫外光谱特征[J]. 环境科学研究, 2019, 32(2): 301-308. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2018.11.03 [10] WU J, PONS M N, POTIER O. Wastewater fingerprinting by UV-visible and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy[J]. Water Science & Technology A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2006, 53(4/5): 449. [11] 梁月清, 刘会来, 崔康平, 等. 基于三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析法的工业园区污水溶解性有机物溯源与归趋[J]. 环境工程学报, 2022, 16(4): 1238-1247. [12] 徐俏, 叶茂, 徐海量, 等. 塔里木河下游生态输水对植物群落组成、多样性和稳定性的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2018, 37(9): 2603-2610. [13] 王雅梅, 张青青, 徐海量, 等. 生态输水前后台特玛湖植物多样性变化特征[J]. 干旱区研究, 2019, 36(5): 1186-1193. [14] 贾丹阳, 熊祯祯, 高岩, 等. 近30a台特玛湖地区土地利用/土地覆被变化及其影响因素[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(4): 1022-1031. [15] 张帅, 汪洋, 夏婷婷, 等. 塔里木河生态输水条件下土地利用/覆被变化对生态系统服务价值的影响[J]. 干旱区地理, 2021, 44(3): 739-749. [16] 吕纯剑, 高红杰, 李晓洁, 等. 沈阳市黑臭水体溶解性有机物组分及其光学特征[J]. 环境工程学报, 2019, 13(3): 559-568. [17] CHEN W, PAUL W, JERRY L, et al. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(24): 5701-5710. [18] 姚璐璐, 涂响, 于会彬, 等. 三维荧光区域积分评估城市污水中溶解性有机物去除[J]. 环境工程学报, 2013, 7(2): 411-416. [19] LAVONEN E E, KOTHAWALA D N, TRANVIK L J, et al. Tracking changes in the optical properties and molecular composition of dissolved organic matter during drinking water production[J]. Water Research, 2015, 85: 286-294. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.024 [20] HUGUET A, VACHER L, RELEXANS S, et al. Properties of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Gironde Estuary[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2009, 40(6): 706-719. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.03.002 [21] OHNO T, FERNANDEZ I J, HIRADATE S, et al. Effect of soil acidification and forest type on water soluble soil organic matter properties[J]. Geoderma, 2007, 140(1-2): 176-187. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.04.004 [22] ZHANG Y, LIU M, QIN B, et al. Photochemical degradation of chromophoric-dissolved organic matter exposed to simulated UV-B and natural solar radiation[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2009, 627(1): 159-168. doi: 10.1007/s10750-009-9722-z [23] 刘晶晶, 张彦, 翟洪艳, 等. 丰水期渤海湾水体中DOM的分布特征及来源[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021, 41(10): 4802-4810. doi: 10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.20210526.005 [24] 翟天恩, 霍守亮, 张靖天. 沉积物中溶解性有机质的垂直分布光谱特性[J]. 环境工程学报, 2017, 11(11): 6196-6204. [25] ZHANG Y, ZHANG E, YAN Y, et al. Characteristics and sources of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in lakes of the Yungui Plateau, China, differing in trophic state and altitude[J]. Limnology & Oceanography, 2010, 55(6). [26] 林绍霞, 肖致强, 张转铃, 等. 贵州草海水体溶解性有机物的荧光光谱特征及来源解析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021, 41(3): 1325-1335. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2021.03.036 [27] XIN Y, YZ A, GZ A, et al. Resolving the variability of CDOM fluorescence to differentiate the sources and fate of DOM in Lake Taihu and its tributaries - ScienceDirect[J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 82(2): 145-155. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.049 [28] YU X, ZHANG J, KONG F, et al. Identification of source apportionment and its spatial variability of dissolved organic matter in Dagu River-Jiaozhou Bay estuary based on the isotope and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2019, 102(7): 528-537. [29] 宋柯峥, 蔡启佳, 洪培, 等. 武汉南湖可溶解性有机物的来源与组成分析[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2021, 44(3): 120-129. [30] 傅平青, 刘丛强, 吴丰昌. 溶解有机质的三维荧光光谱特征研究[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2005(12): 2024-2028. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0593.2005.12.031 [31] 颜秉斐, 彭剑峰, 邓齐玉, 等. 白塔堡河水体DOM分布特征及来源[J]. 环境工程技术学报, 2019, 9(3): 225-232. doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.2019.02.190 [32] 卜鸡明, 何佳, 焦立新, 等. 滇池流域入湖河流溶解性有机质的分布及来源[J]. 环境科学学报, 2020, 40(8): 2795-2804. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2020.0128 [33] 蒋凤华, 杨黄浩, 黎先春, 等. 胶州湾海水溶解有机物三维荧光特征研究[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2007(9): 1765-1769. [34] 虞敏达, 张慧, 何小松, 等. 河北洨河溶解性有机物光谱学特性[J]. 环境科学, 2015, 36(9): 3194-3202. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.2015.09.010 [35] 杨颖, 刘吉宝, 魏源送, 等. 北运河沉积物中氮磷营养盐及荧光溶解性有机物的污染特征研究[J/OL][J]. 环境科学学报, 2022, 42(3): 40-50. [36] 吕晶晶, 张列宇, 席北斗, 等. 人工湿地中水溶性有机物三维荧光光谱特性的分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2015, 35(8): 2212-2216. doi: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2015)08-2212-05 [37] 孙伟, 胡泓, 赵茜, 等. 达里诺尔湖水体DOM荧光特征及其来源解析[J]. 环境科学研究, 2020, 33(9): 2084-2093. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.03.26 [38] SONG K, SHANG Y, WEN Z, et al. Characterization of CDOM in saline and freshwater lakes across China using spectroscopic analysis[J]. Water Research, 2019, 150(MAR.1): 403-417. [39] 周石磊, 陈召莹, 张甜娜, 等. 白洋淀典型淀区沉积物间隙水溶解性有机物的光谱时空演变特征[J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(8): 3730-3742. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202011063 [40] 仝利红, 刘英俊, 张硕, 等. 乌伦古湖水体矿化度和氟化物浓度的年际变化及模拟[J]. 湖泊科学, 2022, 34(1): 134-141. doi: 10.18307/2022.0112 [41] 王光焰, 徐生武. 台特玛湖生态环境现状与保护对策研究[J]. 水利发展研究, 2021, 21(8): 109-114. doi: 10.13928/j.cnki.wrdr.2021.08.024 [42] 海拉提·阿力地阿尔汗, 彭小武, 刘晓伟, 等. 新疆乌伦古湖水生态环境保护对策研究[J]. 新疆环境保护, 2021, 43(2): 15-21. [43] 张同泽. 石羊河流域水资源合理配置与危机应对策略[D]. 咸阳: 西北农林科技大学, 2007. [44] 樊自立, 徐海量, 傅荩仪, 等. 台特玛湖湿地保护研究[J]. 第四纪研究, 2013, 33(3): 594-602. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2013.03.20