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氟(F)是卤族元素中电负性最强的元素,化学性质极为活泼。自然界中的氟广泛分布于岩石、土壤、空气和水体内[1],水体中的氟通常以F−的形态存在[2]。
近几十年来,水体氟污染逐渐成为受到全球性关注的重点问题[3]。氟是人体必需的微量元素[4],摄入少量的氟(0.05~0.07 mg·L−1)可帮助硬化牙釉质,有效防止蛀牙的发生[5-6]。但由于天然来源如富氟矿物的溶解,以及人类活动加剧环境水体中氟的持续输入[7],水体氟化物的超标正威胁着居民饮用水水质安全[8]。过量地摄入氟不仅会引起氟斑牙和氟骨症等疾病[9],而且会对人体的免疫系统、肾脏、胃肠道等产生不利影响[10]。我国严格限制水体中氟化物质量浓度[11],《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中Ⅲ类水的氟化物(以F−计)标准限值均为1.0 mg·L−1。
山东省胶莱盆地为典型的高氟区,根据1980年山东省地方病研究所对胶莱盆地的地下水氟含量普查结果,沿胶莱河南岸一带地下水氟含量普遍高于4 mg·L−1[12]。虽然自20世纪80年代开始山东省采取了引水和理化除氟等措施改水降氟,但至今仍有不少地区遭受高氟的危害[13]。氟化物浓度过高可能对河流内动植物[14]和周围居民的生活造成危害,对地方水污染治理造成了较大挑战,也是目前水环境修复面临的主要难题[15]。因此,提供有效防止地表水体氟污染的技术具有必要性和迫切性[16]。
目前常用的除氟方法包括化学沉淀法、吸附法、膜过滤和离子交换法等[17]。其中吸附法往往再生后除氟效果不理想[18];膜过滤和离子交换法成本高,维护与管理困难[19]。比较成熟的石灰沉淀法(CaO)会使pH明显升高而呈强碱性[20],不宜用于自然水体除氟;CaCl2作为可溶性钙盐可提供大量Ca2+,理论上会促进CaF2沉淀的生成,采用石灰和CaCl2联合处理法可在控制pH的同时保证有足够的Ca2+[21];根据CaCO3 (Ksp=2.9×10−9)和CaF2 (Ksp=2.7 ×10−11)的溶度积差异,使用CaCO3可选择性地将F−转化为CaF2[22];普通硅酸盐水泥(简称水泥)外观为灰色粉末,其主要原材料包括CaO、SiO2和少量的Fe2O3和Al2O3等[23]。有研究表明,水化普通硅酸盐水泥[24]和水化铝酸盐水泥[25]是有效的除氟材料,而未经过水化、凝结、硬化的水泥粉末也同样具有除氟效果,TARALI等[26]在模拟含氟溶液中加入10%的水泥粉末能够使氟离子质量浓度从30 mg·L−1降低至11.67 mg·L−1 (去除率为61.1%),KANG等[27]在氟离子质量浓度为100 mg·L−1的模拟含氟溶液中投加1%的水泥粉末后可将质量浓度降低至52.7 mg·L−1 (去除率为47.3%)。水泥曾被应用于贵州省酸性含铁废水处理[28]和城市富营养水体[29]除磷,证明水泥应用于地表水污染治理具有可行性且未出现负面影响。
大量除氟技术的相关研究均采用实验室配制的模拟含氟溶液[17,24,26-27],杂质较少,与自然水体有较大差异,这也解释了现行的除氟技术在自然水体中除氟效果不明显,无法大范围推广的原因[18,30]。本研究以真实的地表水样为研究对象,选取了CaCO3、CaCl2和水泥3种材料,考察了其在不同投加条件下对水样中氟离子去除效果的影响,同时对表现出除氟效果的原材料和处理水样后形成的沉淀产物进行了表征分析,探究了可能的除氟机理,为水体氟污染控制提供参考和依据。
普通硅酸盐水泥和钙盐对氟污染地表水的除氟效果
Fluoride removal effect of portland cement and calcium salts on fluoride-contaminated surface water
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摘要: 水体氟污染问题受到了广泛关注,现行的除氟技术对自然水体中氟化物的去除效果不明显,无法大范围推广应用。选择碳酸钙(CaCO3)、氯化钙(CaCl2)2种钙盐和普通硅酸盐水泥(简称水泥)对山东省胶州市南胶莱河水样进行了处理,考察了3种材料及其相应的组合对氟离子的去除效果,并筛选出适用于地表水体除氟的材料;通过改变搅拌时间和搅拌速度研究了不同扰动程度对除氟效果的影响;通过扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射分析和傅里叶红外光谱分析讨论除氟机理。结果表明,当这3种材料单独使用时,CaCO3和水泥表现出除氟效果,水泥除氟效果优于CaCO3,在添加0.5 g·L−1水泥的处理中,水样中的氟离子质量浓度由1.46 mg·L−1降至1.23 mg·L−1;CaCO3和水泥组合的除氟率高于单独CaCO3或水泥,可将水样的氟离子质量浓度由1.39 mg·L−1降至1.09 mg·L−1。改变搅拌时间和速度的实验结果表明,扰动程度增加,除氟率随之下降。表征分析结果表明,水样中氟离子主要依靠化学反应形成沉淀去除。使用水泥用于地表水除氟的步骤简单、效果明显,考虑到水泥与CaCO3组合使用表现出的协同效果以及扰动程度对除氟效果的影响,未来采用水泥处理氟污染地表水时,建议与CaCO3组合使用并采取撒施等对水体扰动较小的施工方式。Abstract: The problem of fluoride contamination in water bodies has received widespread concern around the world, and the existing fluoride removal techniques are ineffective in fluoride removal from natural water bodies and cannot be applied in a large scale. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and portland cement (hereafter referred to as cement) were selected to treat water samples from South Jiaolai River in Jiaozhou City, Shandong Province, and the materials suitable for fluoride removal from surface water bodies were screened by studying the removal effects of the three materials and their combinations; the effects of different degrees of disturbance on the fluoride removal effects were also studied by varying the mixing time and speed; scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the mechanism of fluoride removal. The results showed that only CaCO3 and cement could remove fluoride when the three materials were used separately, and the cement showed better fluoride removal than CaCO3. The fluoride concentration in the water sample decreased from 1.46 mg·L−1 to 1.23 mg·L−1 after the addition of 0.5 g·L−1 of cement; a mixture of CaCO3 and cement resulted in a higher fluoride removal rate than CaCO3 or cement alone, and could reduce the fluoride concentration in the water sample from 1.39 mg·L−1 to 1.09 mg·L−1. In the experiments with different mixing time and speed, the fluoride removal rate decreased with the increase of mixing time and speed. Characterization analysis revealed that fluoride ions in the water samples were mainly removed by chemical reactions via forming precipitation. Considering the synergistic effect of mixing cement with CaCO3 and the effect of disturbance on fluoride removal, it is suggested that cement be mixed with CaCO3 and applied in a less disruptive way such as dispersion to remove fluoride from the surface water in the future.
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Key words:
- fluoride /
- surface water /
- portland cement /
- CaCO3
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表 1 实验水样的水质检测结果
Table 1. The water quality of experimental water samples
mg·L−1 水质及标准 TP TN NH3-N CODMn 氟化物(以F−计) GB3838-2002
Ⅴ类水标准≤0.4 — ≤2.0 ≤15 ≤1.5 实验水样水质 0.06 9.76 0.08 9.77 1.52 注:河流不考核总氮指标。 -
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