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我国分散式农村生活污水[1]、河流湖泊水体[2]等氮污染形势严峻,且存在低碳氮比问题,而国家对环境中的TN要求日益严格。目前污水中氮主要通过生物异养反硝化去除[3],其原理是反硝化菌在缺氧或厌氧环境下以有机物作为电子供体,硝氮 (NO3−-N) 为最终电子受体,通过电子传递链将NO3−依次还原为NO2−、NO、N2O和N2 [4]。碳源与电子供体会影响反硝化效果,碳源缺乏往往导致NO3−去除率低[5]。低碳氮比污水存在碳源不足的问题,致使总氮 (TN) 超标,为提高TN脱除效果,通常需投加额外碳源[6]。固相碳源是一种可替代传统液相碳源的新型碳源[7],包括人工合成聚合物[8]、农业废弃物[5]等,其已被应用于地表水、人工湿地[9]、循环水产养殖[10]等氮的去除中,并取得了一定的效果[11]。植物碳源 (如稻壳、秸秆、木屑、芦苇等[12]) 因其廉价易得逐渐成为研究热点,其主要成分为木质纤维素 (由纤维素、半纤维和木质素组成) ,木质纤维素中的纤维素和半纤维可被微生物降解为小分子有机物,用于反硝化脱氮[3, 5]。一般植物碳源存在碳源释放不稳定、反硝化率低、有机物过量释放等问题[11]。如何在碳源释放稳定的前提下,进一步提高碳源水解能力,是植物碳源应用的关键[11-12]。
我国竹资源丰富,竹林面积约占森林面积的3%[13]。同时竹产业成熟,竹产品获取方便灵活,是一种潜在的廉价碳源。纤维絮状竹刨花是竹加工后的产物,主要成分为木质纤维素[14]。竹刨花不同于粉碎的竹屑,其具有一定强度与韧性[15],纤维交互堆叠并具有丰富孔隙,不易堵塞,表面粗糙,利于微生物附着,可作为污水处理填料和反硝化碳源。与一般禾本科农业植物不同,竹为木质生物质,纤维素和木质素含量更高,纤维结构更加复杂紧密[16],导致微生物的分解相对困难。木质生物质的缺点是反硝化率不高[11, 17],优点是利于长期应用[18]。
零价铁具有化学还原性强、对微生物的生长有益、氧化产物无毒的特点[19],被广泛应用于地下水、废水污染物的去除[20]等方面。生物反应器中的零价铁可刺激微生物进化并增加微生物多样性,释放的铁离子可加强微生物聚集并增加生物量,提高生物降解能力[21]。已有研究[22-23] 将零价铁与厌氧生物处理方法耦合以去除水中硝氮,结果表明,耦合体系具有污染物质去除率高、性能稳定、成本低等特点。纳米铁、铁粉等粒径小的铁虽比表面积大、活性高,但腐蚀过快[24],不利于长期利用。此外,较小的粒径尺寸增加了实际应用难度。已有研究[21]显示,比表面积较低的铁形态在水中的腐蚀相对较慢,在强化生物脱氮的过程中,可减少NH4+的形成,是一种较受青睐的铁形态。铁屑是金属加工后的废料,不仅成本低,而且比表面积也低于纳米铁或铁粉等,利于长期应用,且其具有较好的机械与水力特性,更加符合实际应用需求[25]。目前,将铁屑与竹基固相反硝化系统耦合以强化脱氮的研究鲜见报道。
本研究以纤维絮状竹刨花为固体碳源和生物膜载体,引入铁屑,构成耦合体系,从而高效去除低C/N比废水中TN;通过监测装置进、出水水质,考察体系对TN的去除以及有机物、总铁的释放情况等;采用扫描电镜、高通量测序等表征方法分析微生物群落结构和多样性,旨在为高效、稳定、经济地去除低C/N比废水中TN提供技术参考,同时满足 “十四五”规划中“全面提高资源利用效率”“持续改善环境质量”等的要求。
铁屑耦合固相反硝化对低碳氮比废水中总氮的处理
Treatment of total nitrogen in wastewater with low C/N ratio by iron shavings coupled solid-phase nitrification
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摘要: 为考察脱氮效率并解决碳源不足导致总氮 (TN) 去除率不高的问题,将竹刨花作为固体碳源与挂膜载体,引入铁屑,构成耦合体系,搭建2套反硝化实验装置 (分别为耦合体系1号与单纯固相反硝化体系2号) 并对脱氮率及微生物进行分析。结果表明:进水TN为41.62~59.95 mg·L−1,COD/N<0.5,水力停留时间为18 h; 13~105 d,1号TN平均去除率为73.21%~92.79%,比2号平均去除率高近1倍;1号碳源相对2号更为充足,但2体系出水COD均值都低于一级A;1号总铁释放稳定,出水总铁均值低于0.3 mg·L−1,未出现NH3-N明显积累。SEM表征结果显示,1号竹填料表面黏性物质与微生物数量更多,生物膜更加紧密。16S rRNA表征结果显示:1号具有更高的微生物丰度与多样性;2体系反硝化脱氮相关门类占主体,优势门类均为变形菌门,但1号变形菌门占比高于2号;变形菌门中,1号反硝化菌群 (属水平,丰度>1%) 类别和总占比均高于2号。由此可知,铁屑强化了碳源的分解与利用,促进了脱氮功能菌生长,显著提升了耦合体系脱氮效能,出水TN可达到地表水IV类标准(GB 3838-2002)。竹刨花获取方便灵活,铁屑低廉,两者构成的耦合体系具有巨大的实际应用前景。Abstract: In order to investigate the denitrification efficiency and solve the problem of poor TN removal due to insufficient carbon source, bamboo flakes were used as a solid carbon source and biofilm carrier, and a coupled system was designed with the introduction of iron shavings. Then two sets of denitrification experimental devices were built (coupled system No. 1 and simple solid-phase denitrification system No. 2 , respectively) and their nitrogen removal rates and microorganisms were analyzed. The results showed that when the inlet TN was 41.62~59.95 mg·L−1, COD/N<0.5, and the hydraulic retention time was 18 h, the average TN removal rate of No. 1 was 73.21%~92.79% among 13~105 d, which was nearly 1 time higher than the average removal rate of No. 2; the carbon source of No.1 was more adequate than that of No.2, but the mean effluent COD values of No.2 were lower than that of Class A. The total iron release of No. 1 was stable, the average value of total iron in the effluent was less than 0.3 mg·L−1, and there was no significant accumulation of NH3-N. SEM characterization results showed that there were more sticky material and microorganisms on the surface of the bamboo filler of No. 1, and the biofilm was more compact. 16S rRNA characterization results showed that No. 1 had higher microbial abundance and species diversity; the denitrification-related phylums dominated in both systems, and the dominant microbial phylum were all Proteobacteria, but the abundance of Proteobacteria in No. 1 was higher than that in No. 2; among Proteobacteria, the category and total percentage of denitrifying group (genus level, abundance >1%) in No. 1 were higher than those in No. 2. It can be seen that iron shavings enhanced the decomposition and utilization of carbon source, promoted the growth of nitrogen removal functional bacteria, which significantly improved the efficiency of nitrogen removal in the coupled system, and the effluent TN could reach class IV of the surface water standard (GB 3838-2002). Bamboo flakes are convenient and flexible to obtain, and iron shavings are inexpensive, and their coupled system has great practical application prospects.
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Key words:
- bamboo flakes /
- iron shavings /
- coupled system /
- denitrification /
- 16S rRNA
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表 1 微生物Alpha多样性指数
Table 1. Microbial Alpha diversity index
样品 Chao1指数 Simpson指数 Shannon指数 观察到的物种指数 系统发育树指数 覆盖率指数 1号 3 238.29 0.012 6 8.975 7 3 230.1 126.485 0.996 0 2号 2 276.47 0.025 5 7.772 2 2 265.2 105.928 0.996 2 表 2 变形菌门主要属组成 (属,丰度大于1%)
Table 2. Major genus composition of Proteobacteria (genera, abundance >1%)
1号属名称 占比/% 2号属名称 占比/% Denitratisoma (DNB) 4.46 Thermomonas (DNB) 11.44 ANP-Rhizobium 6.91 Denitratisoma (DNB) 7.31 Pseudomonas (DNB) 8.66 ANP-Rhizobium 3.16 Rhodocyclaceae_uncultured (DNB) 8.01 Burkholderiaceae_unclassified 3.34 Burkholderiaceae_unclassified 3.95 Xanthobacteraceae_unclassified (DNB) 3.71 Xanthobacteraceae_unclassified (DNB) 3.25 Sphingobium 2.31 Rhodocyclaceae_unclassified (DNB) 4.01 Pleomorphomonas 1.27 Desulfovibrio (DNB) 3.61 Afipia 1.16 Pleomorphomonas 1.57 Devosia (DNB) 1.47 Burkholderiaceae_uncultured 1.63 — — Afipia 1.07 — — Rhizobiaceae_unclassified (DNB) 1.32 — — Gammaproteobacteria_unclassified (DNB) 1.40 — — Betaproteobacteriales_unclassified (DNB) 1.03 — — Desulforhabdus 1.05 — — 合计 51.93 合计 35.17 注:DNB为反硝化菌(denitrifying bacteria)。 -
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