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我国是抗生素生产大国,每年产生的抗生素菌渣量达到1.3×106 t以上[1]。菌渣在自然环境下易腐败变质,任意堆放极易造成环境污染。此外,菌渣不合理处置会导致其中的残留抗生素在环境介质中扩散和传播,从而对人群健康和生态环境造成巨大威胁。而另一方面,菌渣中含有大量的微生物菌丝体及未代谢利用完的有机物,营养物质含量丰富,可对其进行资源化利用。因此,如何将抗生素菌渣无害化处理及资源化利用已成为当今急需解决的难题。
好氧堆肥被广泛应用于固体有机废物处理,研究表明畜禽粪便或抗生素菌渣中的残留抗生素可以通过好氧堆肥降解[2-3]。菌渣经好氧堆肥后可被制成有机肥料,其不仅可提高土壤肥力,还保证了农产品品质安全[4]。堆肥中的微生物除了参与有机物料的分解外,其也对抗生素降解有重要作用。赵军超[5]发现,红霉素菌渣经好氧堆肥处理后降解率可达99%以上。这表明,好氧堆肥可实现抗生素菌渣无害化处理。
由于传统好氧堆肥温度不够高,限制了其对抗生素的降解[6]。因此,目前关于应用好氧堆肥法处理抗生素菌渣的研究都是在外源添加物的条件下进行的。一般外源添加物主要分为生物炭、氯化铁、天然沸石和生物菌剂等,而在好氧堆肥处理中添加生物菌剂效果显著[7]。研究发现,在堆肥中添加微生物菌剂,可提高堆肥温度,增加堆肥中微生物的种类和活性,延长高温分解周期,加快堆肥腐殖化进程,提高其中抗生素去除率,降低其环境风险,使堆肥成品达到无害化要求[8-12]。
本研究选取土霉素菌渣为研究对象,探究添加复合菌剂后土霉素菌渣和玉米秸秆混合堆肥的基本理化参数、堆肥中土霉素降解和微生物群落结构变化情况,并优化好氧堆肥对土霉素菌渣中残留土霉素的处理,为抗生素菌渣的无害化处理和资源化利用提供参考。
复合菌剂对土霉素菌渣好氧堆肥腐熟及微生物群落结构影响
Effect of compound bacterial agent on maturity and microbial community structure of oxytetracycline residue aerobic composting
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摘要: 针对抗生素菌渣中抗生素残留难处理的问题,采用好氧堆肥法将其制成有机肥料,以实现其无害化处理及资源化利用。通过将复合菌剂添加到好氧堆肥体系中,研究其对堆体理化性质、肥效、毒性和微生物群落的影响。结果表明,添加复合菌剂最高温度可达70.55 ℃,比对照组高温期延长了5 d,减少了氮源流失,有机质降解率提高了5.56%,土霉素降解率高达98.86%,使堆肥产品达到安全水平。此外,复合菌剂提高了堆肥中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度,与堆体升温正相关的嗜热菌属(Thermophilic bacteria genera)丰度显著增加(P<0.01),而致病细菌相对丰度下降。细菌群落相关性分析结果表明,接种菌剂既增加了微生物活性,降低了细菌群落的复杂度,又为优化建立新的和更加健康的堆肥细菌群落奠定了基础。本研究可为抗生素降解菌渣在堆肥中的应用提供参考。Abstract: In order to solve the problem that it is difficult to deal with antibiotic residue, aerobic composting method is used to make it into organic fertilizer to realize its harmless treatment and resource utilization. The effects of compound bacteria on physical and chemical properties, fertilizer efficiency, toxicity and microbial community of aerobic composting system were studied by adding compound bacterial agent to aerobic composting system in this study. The results showed that the highest temperature of adding compound bacteria was 70.55 ℃, which was 5 days longer than that of CK group, the loss of nitrogen source was reduced, the degradation rate of organic matter was increased by 5.56%, and the degradation rate of oxytetracycline was as high as 98.86%, which made the composting products reach the safe level. In addition, the relative abundance of actinomycetes (Actinobacteria) and thick-walled bacteria (Firmicutes) in composting was increased, and the abundance of thermophilic bacteria (Thermophilic bacteria genera) positively related to the temperature of compost was significantly increased, while the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria decreased. The results of correlation analysis of bacterial community showed that inoculation not only increased microbial activity and reduced the complexity of bacterial community, but also laid a foundation for optimizing the establishment of new and healthier composting bacterial community. This study can provide a reference for the application of antibiotic-degrading bacterial residue in composting.
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表 1 堆肥原料基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical property of compost raw materials
供试样品 含水率/% pH 电导率EC/(mS·cm−1) C/N 玉米秸秆 9.89 5.32 2.67 50.89 土霉素菌渣 78.04 4.47 — 5.73 表 2 堆肥成品指标
Table 2. Composting product index
对照指标 本实验检测值 NY/T 525-2021指标值[22] 有机质的质量分数(以烘干基计) 57.3%~58.1% ≥30% 总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)的质量分数(以烘干基计) 5.7%~6.7% ≥4.0% 水分(鲜样)的质量分数 41.08%~43.04% ≤30% 种子发芽率指数(GI) 99.8%~107.3% ≥70% 机械杂质的质量分数 <0.3% ≤0.5% 表 3 土霉素降解的线性拟合方程、半衰期和R2
Table 3. Linear fitting equation for oxytetracycline degradation, half-life, and R2
组别 方程 斜率 R2 半衰期 数据来源 CK ln(C/C0)=−0.051x−0.632 −0.051 0.986 13.59 本研究 C ln(C/C0)=−0.158x−0.544 −0.158 0.941 4.38 本研究 红霉素 ln(C/C0)=−0.500x−0.604 −0.500 0.801 1.40 [26] 多环西素 ln(C/C0)=−0.183x−0.638 −0.183 0.765 3.80 [26] 诺氟沙星 ln(C/C0)=−0.328x−0.689 −0.328 0.894 2.10 [26] 青霉素 ln(C/C0)=−0.798x−0.697 −0.798 0.962 1.72 [30] 庆大霉素 ln(C/C0)=−0.116x−0.087 −0.116 0.985 6.70 [31] -
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