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涉重危废指含重金属的危险废物,其危险特性源于重金属的毒性,分为材料源危废和工业源危废[1-2]。涉重危废是危险废物中最为独特且极为重要的类别之一,也是《巴塞尔公约》[3]和国际社会优先关注和严格监管的大类危废类别。我国《国家危险废物名录》(2021年版)[4]包含46大类危废,其中涉重危废就有18大类。重金属的不可降解性决定了涉重危废的环境风险不能完全消除;而重金属的广泛应用及其基础材料地位又决定了涉重危废具有显著的资源属性和循环利用价值。从涉及的金属类型来看,包括铬、钼、锌、铅、锡、镉、镍、金、银、铜、钯、铍、砷、硒、碲、锑、汞、铊等各种金属,这些金属同时属于有毒、剧毒、高价、稀有、稀散、稀贵、战略储备(类)金属。从产排行业来看,包括金属冶炼生产、金属制品生产、金属加工处理、重金属基功能材料失效和废弃等全产业链。从形成机制来看,包括金属基材料/产品功能丧失的废旧和失效材料、金属生产/加工过程产生的废渣和废料以及环境污染控制生成的污泥和飞灰等。总之,涉重危废具有量大、面广、源多、物杂的产排特性[1-2]。
当前,从涉重危废中提取回收各种昂贵、高价和有价金属既是从源头控制重金属环境污染的现实需要,又是实现金属资源循环利用和保障金属资源安全供给的发展需要。涉重危废的资源化利用代表了其处理处置技术的发展方向,已得到全球固废处置与资源化领域产业界和学术界的广泛关注。面对数量巨大、结构复杂多变、环境风险突出、资源属性各异的涉重危废,怎样才能实现其科学、合理、高效、高质、高值的资源化利用?解析涉重危废产排规律和本质特性,提出金属分离提取的科学原理和工艺技术的优选原则,构建资源化利用的理论体系是实现这一目标的首要前提。
前期工作已完成涉重危废的概念创制、提出了涉重危废资源化利用的实现路径,论证了三维属性(污染、资源和结构属性)量化描述涉重危废特性的科学性,阐述了建立基于三维属性精细化分级分类体系的重要性[1-2]。但这些前期的理论创制、概念提出和制度设计仍是孤立的、离散的、局部的、单维度的,并没有形成系统化的完整理论体系,不能科学地回答涉重危废高效、高质、高值资源化利用的问题。完整的理论体系既要有基础性概念又要有多维度体系化设计,既要解决金属提取回收技术原理问题又要解决金属提取后二次残渣利用方式和污染控制问题,既要关注掌握不同类型涉重危废产排规律又要研究建立其科学分级分类及精细化管理问题。
涉重危废资源化理论体系包括涉重危废概念、来源及其资源化利用内涵和路径;不同行业和来源涉重危废的产排系数、产排特性和产排规律;不同行业和来源涉重危废资源属性、污染属性和结构属性及基于三维属性的精细化分级分类体系;不同类型涉重危废无害化处置和资源化利用的边际识别及其三维属性指标体系;不同类型涉重危废有价金属提取的技术原理和技术体系;脱毒“脱帽”残渣建材化利用路径选择及其产品安全和环境风险评价体系。该理论体系的构建、发展和成熟将使涉重危废处理处置这一重要细分领域由孤立的个体研究和感性经验上升到系统的科学理论,并为涉重危废资源化利用提供支撑。
涉重危废资源化利用理论体系
Theoretical system of resource utilization of hazardous wastes containing heavy metals
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摘要: 涉重危废是危险废物中污染属性和资源属性都极为突出的大类类别。从涉重危废中提取昂贵/高价/有价金属不但可从源头上阻断重金属进入环境,而且可实现稀缺金属资源的永续利用,因而成为环境和资源领域的热点课题。当前,涉重危废中金属提取回收工艺研究及工程实践大都基于离散物料的孤立个案和技术人员的个人经验,缺乏系统完整科学的理论指导,难以适应涉重危废高效、高值、高质的资源化利用需求。为此,以涉重危废、金属五分法、重金属三维属性及涉重危废精细化分级分类4组创制概念为基础,阐述了涉重危废精细化分级分类体系、涉重危废无害化处置和资源化利用边际识别指标体系、涉重危废金属提取和危险属性降级技术体系、涉重危废脱毒残渣建材化利用标准体系4大体系建设必要性及建设内容,构建了涉重危废资源化利用的理论体系。本研究结果可为涉重危废的资源化利用提供理论支撑。Abstract: Hazardous wastes containing heavy metals have both serious environmental threats and high recycling value, which result in global contamination of heavy metals and fierce metals resource loss if discarded without proper treatment. The recovery of valuable metals from hazardous wastes containing heavy metals not only eliminates the pollution of heavy metals at the sources but also recycles the non-renewable metals resources, representing a hot issue in both environmental sciences and metals smelting. However, the works concerning hazardous wastes containing heavy metals are discrete, scattered, individual studies and do not form complete and systematic theory to guide the scientific, efficient and sustainable resource utilization of heavy metals-containing hazardous wastes. In the current work, four important fundamental concepts covering hazardous wastes containing heavy metals, five classification methods of metals, three-dimension properties and precise grading and classification were established, and four important branch systems including precise grading and classification system, harmless disposal and resource utilization boundary identification system, metals extraction/separation technology system and detoxification residue-used building materials quality control standard system were reviewed. Based on the four important fundamental concepts and the four important branch systems, the theoretical system of resource utilization of hazardous wastes containing heavy metals was put forward for the first time.
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