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厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox)指在缺氧条件下anammox菌以亚硝酸盐(NO2−−N)为电子供体,将氨氮(NH4+ −N)氧化为氮气(N2)的过程。该过程无需有机碳源,其需氧量仅为传统硝化反硝化工艺的1/3,为自养低耗脱氮提供了新途径[1]。然而,anammox菌生长速率慢、倍增时间长,在实际应用中易因污泥流失而难以快速培养。颗粒污泥具有优良的沉降性能,其内部物种非常多样,微生物系统更加稳定,可在一定程度解决反应器内污泥流失和难以适应复杂环境条件的问题[2]。因此,厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的培养及其稳定化运行,是该工艺走向大规模应用的重要环节。
胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)在颗粒污泥的形成和保持结构完整性方面起到关键作用,其主要成分包括多糖、蛋白质、核酸和腐殖酸等[3]。EPS的理化性质和空间分布结构会影响微生物聚集体的结构和功能。比如,EPS中的蛋白质、腐殖酸和糖醛酸有助于污泥的疏水性,而碳水化合物则有助于亲水性[4];某些蛋白质二级结构促进了生物絮凝聚集、吸附和生物膜形成[5- 6];处理工艺、运行条件和水质等诸多因素均会影响EPS的组分、结构、组成等特性[7]。
近年来,研究者在EPS对anammox颗粒污泥形成及稳定运行过程中的作用、EPS成分特征、影响其特性的主要因素等方面开展了广泛研究,积累了大量有益成果。本文梳理了近年来关于anammox颗粒污泥中EPS的最新研究进展,以期明确EPS的特性在anammox颗粒污泥形成及运行过程中的作用,为anammox颗粒污泥的实际工程化应用提供参考。
厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的作用、成分及影响因素研究进展
Review on function, composition and influencing factors of EPS in anammox granular sludge
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摘要: 厌氧氨氧化是一种新型自养生物脱氮反应,具有节能、脱氮负荷高、无需外加碳源、污泥产生量小等优势,因而对低碳高氮废水的处理具有应用价值。然而,厌氧氨氧化菌生长速率低,常通过污泥颗粒化提升反应器的生物量。胞外聚合物(EPS)在颗粒污泥的形成和稳定方面起着至关重要的作用。为此,综述了EPS在anammox颗粒形成过程中,促进污泥聚集和维持稳定的作用,并阐明了EPS主次要成分及作用,分析了anammox颗粒污泥自身粒径大小、水质条件(有机物、氮浓度和负荷),以及外加介体(矿物质或金属离子等)对EPS含量及成分的影响,并提出未来应在anammox颗粒污泥EPS结构和成分的微观解析、强化EPS分泌以促进颗粒污泥快速形成等方面进一步开展研究,旨在为anammox颗粒污泥的大规模工程化应用提供参考。Abstract: Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) is a lithoautotrophic biological nitrogen removal process with inherent advantages of low energy consumption, high nitrogen removal loading rate, no external carbon source and low sludge generation, which can be applied for treating wastewater with low C/N ratios. However, due to the slow growth rate of anammox bacteria, biomass is commonly increased by sludge granulation in the anammox reactor. The extracellular polymer substances (EPS) play a vital role in the formation and stabilization of anammox granular sludge. Here, we reviewed the role of EPS in promoting sludge aggregation and maintaining stability during formation of anammox granular sludge, and clarified the major components and functions of EPS. In addition, the particle size of anammox particle sludge, the water quality such as organic matter, nitrogen concentration and nitrogen loading, and the additional mediators such as minerals or metal ions were evaluated on the concentration and composition of EPS of anammox granular sludge. Future research is needed in the field of the micro-analysis of the EPS structure and composition of anammox granular sludge and the enhancement of EPS secretion to promote the rapid formation of granular sludge should be carried out. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide a reference for applying anammox granular sludge technology at large scale.
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图 1 厌氧氨氧化菌聚集过程的假说[4]
Figure 1. Hypothesis of Anammox Bacterial Aggregation Process
表 1 不同运行条件下厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS主要成分
Table 1. The main components of anammox granular sludge EPS under different operating conditions
反应器类型 脱氮负荷/
(kg ·(m3·d)−1)EPS总量
/( mg·g−1)EPS成分含量/( mg·g−1) PN/PS 参考文献 PN PS UASB 0.24 387.23 226.9 140 1.62 [27] UASB 0.14 105.15±6.63 93.01±6.23 12.15±0.40 7.66 [28] UASB 0.17 265.2±4.6 164.4±9.3 71.8±2.3 2.29 [29] UASB 0.30 850 500 350 1.43 [30] UASB 0.06 174.2 49.2 91.1 0.54 [19] UASB 0.40 13.35 11.61 1.74 6.67 [31] UASB 0.19 220.20 114.66 99.71 1.15 [32] UASB 0.36 334.1 162.37 158.36 1.03 [20] UASB / 133.7 55.6±3.2 70.8±6.5 0.79 [16] UASB 5.64 ± 0.2 275.4 171.5 103.9 1.65 [33] EGSB 1.55 143 97.5 45.5 2.14 [34] EGSB 0.17 333.03 234.25 90.78 2.58 [35] SBR 1.12 131.82 94.01 37.81 2.49 [36] SBR 0.24±0.02 165 140 25 5.60 [37] SBR 0.125 200 140 60 2.33 [38] SBBR 0.19 290.92 132.05 106.32 1.24 [39] A2O 1.01 146.69 90 23 3.91 [40] 注:EPS各成分的含量以每克VSS含有的该成分质量计。 -
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