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据统计,全国每年禽畜粪便量达40×108 t,而猪粪占比为36.71%[1]。为避免猪粪处理不当造成环境问题及危及人群健康,需要及时合理地对其进行处置[2]。堆肥被认为是低成本且危害小的禽畜粪便处理方式[3],但堆肥化易产生氨气等气体对环境形成胁迫[4-5],在一定程度上会限制好氧堆肥处理技术的发展。
有研究表明,在堆肥过程中加入麦饭石等添加剂能够有效调控堆肥化过程。例如,LUO等[6]以10%的比例使用磷石膏作为添加剂,显著降低了猪粪堆肥过程中的NH3和CH4排放;添加双氰胺和10%的磷石膏则进一步减少了N2O的排放。YANG等[7]发现,磷石膏和超磷酸盐的加入大大减少了厨房垃圾堆肥过程中CH4和NH3排放量,但N2O的排放量有所增加。LIU等[8]将物料干质量7.5%的过磷酸钙加入到鸡粪、牛粪和麦秸混合物堆肥中,结果是添加过磷酸钙的处理组温室气体排放量相较于对照组有所上升。在实际生产应用中,施用单一添加剂作用有限,需施用多种添加剂对堆肥化过程进行调控。然而在一些研究中,添加剂的单一或混合施用在不同实验条件下表现作用相异,因此还需对堆肥过程添加剂的混用进行多尝试,以获得最优的堆肥效果。
在本研究中,向猪粪堆肥中添加麦饭石,以及其与竹炭和高温好氧菌剂的不同联用处理,通过对理化性质以及门水平上微生物群落的测定,了解各添加剂处理对堆肥过程的改善效果,并探讨微生物群落变化与环境因子的多元关系。该研究结果可为堆肥生产中添加剂的混合施用提供参考。
基于麦饭石与添加剂不同联用方式对猪粪堆肥过程的调控
Regulation of the pig manure composting process based on the different combined methods of medical stone and additives
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摘要: 针对单一添加剂施用于堆肥中作用有限,且多种添加剂混合施用效果不明的问题,向猪粪堆肥中添加麦饭石,以及其与竹炭和高温好氧菌剂的不同联用处理;通过对理化性质以及门水平上微生物群落的测定,了解各添加剂处理对堆肥过程的改善效果,并用冗余分析探究了微生物群落变化与环境因子的多元关系。结果表明,添加麦饭石及其联用剂对理化性质的优化不明显,尤其未明显加快堆肥速率;在堆肥过程中,门水平上的4种优势菌落数量均发生了变化,pH是该堆肥化过程微生物改变的主要驱动因素;堆肥过程CO2、CH4、NH3及N2O的排放主要与厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的菌落活动相关。该研究结果可为堆肥生产中添加剂的混合施用提供参考。Abstract: In view of the limited effect of a single additive in composting in practical applications, and the combined effects of multiple additives are unknown. Medical stone was added to pig manure compost, as well as its combination with bamboo charcoal and high-temperature aerobic bacteria. Through the determination of the physical and chemical properties and the microbial community at the phylum level, the improvement effect of each additive treatment on the composting process was recognized, and then redundant analysis was used to explore the multi-relationship between the change of the microbial community and environmental factors. The results showed that the addition of medical stone and its combination agent did not significantly optimize the physical and chemical properties, especially the composting rate was not significantly accelerated. The number of four dominant colonies at the phylum level changed during the composting process, pH was the main driving factor for microbial changes in the composting process, and the CO2, CH4, NH3 and N2O emissions during the composting process were mainly related to the activities of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. This result can provide a reference for the combined use of additives in compost production.
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Key words:
- medical stone /
- composting /
- greenhouse gas /
- Firmicutes
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表 1 堆肥原物料的理化性质
Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of compost raw materials
供试原料 含水率/% pH TKN/(g·kg−1) 有机物/(g·kg−1) C/N 猪粪 76.46±0.12 8.26±0.02 28.42±0.34 742.3±1.5 15.15±0.16 木屑 10.54±0.08 6.56±0.01 1.86±0.13 852.3±3.2 265.8±1.2 竹炭 0.35±0.08 8.42±0.02 1.21±0.03 915.5±8.6 438.9±2.3 麦饭石 0.05 9.76 — — — 表 2 样本多样性分析(Alpha多样性)
Table 2. Sample diversity analysis (Alpha diversity)
指数 CK CK+MS CK+MS+BC CK+MS+BC+B CK+MS+B 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Chao 1 478 413 539 338 407 566 403 409 458 435 Coverage 0.9969 0.9984 0.9979 0.9984 0.9978 0.9975 0.9974 0.9982 0.9974 0.9970 Shannon 3.26 2.71 3.16 2.78 3.17 3.56 3.16 3.51 3.48 3.26 注:表中1、2表示在第9 d和第36 d采样。 -
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