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从地表向下一直到毛管层上方的土壤和岩石空隙中未被水充满的空间中含有的气体被称为土壤气[1]。按照采样位置,土壤气可分为浅层土壤气、深层土壤气、底板下土壤气3类。浅层土壤气是指深度较浅的土壤孔隙中的气体样品;深层土壤气又叫近污染源土壤气,是指污染源附近土壤孔隙中的气体样品;底板下土壤气是指建筑物底板下方土壤孔隙中的气体样品。
美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、英国等国家在挥发性有机污染物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)地块调查评估中将土壤气作为常规监测指标,并发布了一系列相关土壤气采样、监测、数据分析的技术标准[1-2]。在我国建设用地环境管理领域,土壤气采样监测尚处于起步阶段,缺乏专门的技术标准[3]。本文探讨在VOCs污染地块调查中推行土壤气监测的必要性、应用范围,以及现阶段在我国污染地块调查中推广该技术的局限,提出相应解决思路以供参考。
土壤气监测在污染地块调查评估中的优势、局限及解决思路
Soil gas monitoring for site investigation and risk assessment: Advantages, challenges and solutions
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摘要: 目前,我国污染地块调查评估以土壤监测为主,辅以地下水监测。这套方法对于挥发性有机物(VOCs)的特殊性考虑不足,可能出现遗漏污染区域的可能性。与土壤监测相比,土壤气监测在VOCs污染地块调查评估中具有可捕捉VOCs污染区域的能力更强,能更准确反映VOCs的气态扩散迁移过程和呼吸暴露风险,以及长期监测成本较低等优势,故有必要将土壤气监测作为VOCs污染地块调查评估的常规工作内容。针对土壤气监测在国内推广应用中仍受到缺乏土壤气采样技术规范、分析检测标准方法、土壤气环境质量标准或风险筛选值及相应的数据分析方法等问题的局限,提出相应的解决思路以供参考。Abstract: Current contaminated site investigation and risk assessment in China rely on soil monitoring, supplemented by groundwater monitoring. However, this method neglects the specificity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) thus might miss some contaminated zones. In contrast to soil monitoring, soil gas monitoring has the following three advantages: (1) more capable of capturing highly contaminated zones by VOCs, (2) more effective in reflecting gas-phase diffusive transport and human respiratory exposure risk, and (3) less expensive for long term monitoring. Therefore, soil gas monitoring should be part of normal site investigation and risk assessment for VOC-impacted sites. However, there are four challenges associated with the application of soil gas monitoring in China: (1) lack of technical guidelines for soil gas sampling, (2) lack of standard analytical methods for soil gas VOCs at contaminated sites, (3) lack of environmental quality standard or risk control screening values of soil gas and (4) lack of analytical methods of soil gas monitoring data. Solutions to overcome these challenges are provided in this paper.
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Key words:
- contaminated site /
- site investigation /
- risk assessment /
- soil gas /
- volatile organic compounds /
- soil /
- groundwater
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