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吡虫啉(imidacloprid,IMI)是一种典型的新烟碱类杀虫剂,分子式为C9H10ClN5O2,化学名称为1-(6-氯-3-吡啶基甲基)-N-硝基亚咪唑-2-基胺,化学结构如图1所示。吡虫啉属于硝基亚甲基类内吸性低毒杀虫剂,通过作用于昆虫的神经系统致死[1]。吡虫啉不仅对目标害虫有高效致死性,对非目标生物也会造成严重威胁[2-3]。随着使用量的不断增加,吡虫啉在不同的环境介质中均有检出[4],开发切实有效的吡虫啉等新烟碱类杀虫剂的控制技术[5-6],减少其对人体的暴露非常必要。目前,水解[7]、光解[8]、生物降解[9]、氧化降解[10-11]等技术均已被应用于吡虫啉的降解研究中。其中,高级氧化技术通过产生强氧化性的自由基降解污染物[12],其具有反应迅速、降解速率快等优势,故显示出广阔的应用前景。
高级氧化方法中常用的氧化剂主要有H2O2、O3、过硫酸盐等。其中,过硫酸盐是近年来新兴的高效氧化剂[13],其在环境温度下稳定、成本低且效率高,并且是无害的。过硫酸盐包括过氧单硫酸盐(PMS)和过二硫酸盐(PDS),在光、热、电及过渡金属等的活化下,会发生分解而产生
$ {\rm{SO}}_{\rm{4}}^{ \cdot {\rm{ - }}}$ [14]。$ {\rm{SO}}_{\rm{4}}^{ \cdot {\rm{ - }}}$ 的氧化还原电位(E0=2.5~3.1 V)高于·OH (E0=1.8~2.7 V)[15],且$ {\rm{SO}}_{\rm{4}}^{ \cdot {\rm{ - }}}$ 在水溶液中寿命可达4 s左右(·OH的寿命一般小于10−4 s)。因此,$ {\rm{SO}}_{\rm{4}}^{ \cdot {\rm{ - }}}$ 的氧化能力更强,可氧化大部分有机化合物。过硫酸盐在水中具有较大的溶解性,且在宽pH范围内都有适用性,因此,在实际应用中可行性较高。近几年,基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术开始被应用于农药及杀虫剂废水处理中。HAYAT等[16]制备了CuO、CuO/BC、PyR活化过硫酸钠降解IMI,均可以实现有效降解,其中PyR/PS体系对IMI降解率最高,在180 min内降解率可达86.9%。WANG等[17]使用UV/PS和UV/PMS 2个体系去除IMI,结果表明,仅使用氧化剂无法有效去除IMI,而UV/PS和UV/PMS体系对IMI的降解率分别可达94.3%和86.7%。实践证明,基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术对IMI有非常好的去除效果。
过硫酸盐的活化方式较多,其中金属离子活化由于效率高、反应条件易控制等优点被广泛使用。但均相金属离子应用时容易造成二次污染,因此,研究人员逐渐将目光转移至非均相复合金属氧化物上来。根据现有报道,在过渡金属活化PMS的研究中,Co表现出优异的活化性能[18-19]。结合Co的非均相体系活化PMS既可以实现高效率,又可以减少金属离子溶出对环境的影响,因此,制备钴基双金属氧化物活化PMS降解有机污染物具有潜在的应用前景。CuCo2O4[20]、NiCo2O4[21]、ZnCo2O4[22]等被报道具有高的电子电导率、出色的催化性能以及较好的稳定性,并且在活化过硫酸盐降解不同种类有机污染物的研究中均有较高的降解效果[20-22]。Fe作为一种环境友好型的过渡金属,其活化效果在常用的过渡金属中仅次于Co。MnFe2O4[23]、NiFe2O4[24]等尖晶石型铁氧体具有较高的过电势和丰富的表面羟基,在催化过程中表现出优异的性能,同时,铁氧体易磁性分离的优点也使其受到广泛关注[23-24]。此外,ZnO作为一种常用的光催化材料,被报道与其他金属氧化物复配时可以有助于加快电子传递速率、增加活性位点,从而提高有机物去除效果,如CuO-ZnO等[25]。上述双金属氧化物在活化PMS降解有机污染物方面均有报道,但在氧化降解IMI方面研究较少,因此,对比几种双金属氧化物催化剂活化PMS降解IMI具有较高可行性。
基于上述研究,本研究以IMI为目标污染物,制备了6种双金属氧化物;根据IMI降解率及离子溶出情况,选取最优双金属氧化物催化剂,并考察了其活化PMS降解IMI的效果,探究了IMI初始浓度、溶液初始pH、催化剂投加量、PMS浓度及水中常见阴离子对IMI降解率的影响;表征了降解过程中产生的活性自由基,并分析了其可能的产生机理,应用GC-MS测定了降解产物并推测了IMI降解途径,以期为双金属氧化物活化PMS修复IMI污染水体提供技术参考。
ZnCo2O4活化过一硫酸氢钾体系氧化降解水中吡虫啉
Degradation of imidacloprid in water by ZnCo2O4 activated peroxymonosulfate system
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摘要: 吡虫啉(IMI)作为第1代新烟碱类农药,在环境中残余量大、残留时间长,降低其在环境中的含量十分必要。采用凝胶法制备ZnCo2O4双金属氧化物催化剂,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征。通过ZnCo2O4活化过一硫酸氢钾(PMS)产生
$ {\rm{SO}}_{\rm{4}}^{ \cdot {\rm{ - }}}$ 降解IMI,考察了PMS用量、催化剂用量、污染物浓度、pH及常见阴离子(Cl−、$ {\rm{CO}}_{\rm{3}}^{{\rm{2 - }}}$ 、$ {\rm{NO}}_{\rm{3}}^{{\rm{2 - }}}$ )等因素对ZnCo2O4/PMS体系中IMI降解的影响,探索主要活性自由基及降解产物,并对催化剂重复使用性能进行研究。结果表明,在IMI浓度为20 mg·L−1、ZnCo2O4投加量为0.4 g·L−1、PMS投加量为15 mmol·L−1时,体系在60 min可实现95%以上的IMI 降解率;随着IMI初始浓度的增加、体系pH相应增加,IMI降解率有所下降;在5~30 mmol·L−1内,PMS的投加量与IMI降解率呈正相关关系;催化剂用量在0.4 g·L−1以下时,IMI降解率随催化剂用量的增加而增大;Cl−、$ {\rm{CO}}_{\rm{3}}^{{\rm{2 - }}}$ 对IMI的降解有抑制作用,$ {\rm{NO}}_{\rm{3}}^{{\rm{2 - }}}$ 无明显作用;体系中主要起作用的自由基为$ {\rm{SO}}_{\rm{4}}^{ \cdot {\rm{ - }}}$ ;使用GCMS检测到IMI降解产物有5种;催化剂重复使用3次时IMI降解率稳定在80%以上。Abstract: As the first-generation neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid(IMI) has a large residual amount and high persistence in the environment, it is of great significance to remove it from environment. A bimetal oxide catalyst-ZnCo2O4 was prepared by the gel method, and it was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was activated by ZnCo2O4 to generate$ {\rm{SO}}_{\rm{4}}^{ \cdot {\rm{ - }}}$ for the oxidative degradation of IMI, the effects of the PMS concentration, catalyst concentration, IMI concentration, pH and co-existing anions (Cl−,$ {\rm{CO}}_{\rm{3}}^{{\rm{2 - }}}$ ,$ {\rm{NO}}_{\rm{3}}^{{\rm{2 - }}}$ ) on IMI degradation were investigated. The active free radicals degradation products and the performance of the recycled catalyst were also studied. The results show that when the IMI concentration was 20 mg·L−1, the dosage of ZnCo2O4 catalyst was 0.4 g·L−1, and the dosage of PMS was 15 mmol·L−1, IMI degradation rate was over than 95% within 60 min. As the initial concentration of IMI increased, and the pH of the system increased accordingly, IMI degradation rate decreased. The degradation rate of IMI was positively correlated with the dosage of PMS in a range of 5~30 mmol·L−1. when the amount of the catalyst was below 0.4 g·L−1, the degradation rate increased with the increase of the catalyst amount. Cl− and$ {\rm{CO}}_{\rm{3}}^{{\rm{2 - }}}$ had inhibitory effects on the degradation rate of IMI, while$ {\rm{NO}}_{\rm{3}}^{{\rm{2 - }}}$ had slight effect. The main free radical in the system was$ {\rm{SO}}_{\rm{4}}^{ \cdot {\rm{ - }}}$ , 5 kinds of degradation products of IMI were detected by GCMS. The IMI degradation rate could maintain more than 80% after 3 times-recycling of the catalyst.-
Key words:
- bimetallic oxide /
- catalyst activation /
- PMS /
- radical /
- oxidative /
- IMI
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