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据统计,2014—2019年全国共发生突发环境事件约1 900起,其中生态环境部直接调度指导处置的突发环境事件434起,水污染事件约占60%[1-2]。我国水系发达,当发生突发水环境事件时,很大程度上会影响到事发点下游集中式饮用水水源地。因环境污染造成县级城市集中式饮用水水源地取水中断的突发环境事件为重大突发环境事件;因环境污染造成设区的市级以上城市集中式饮用水水源地取水中断的突发环境事件为特别重大突发环境事件[3]。因此,当遇到可能影响到下游饮用水源地的突发环境事件时,应急处置应格外谨慎。在实际操作过程中宁紧勿松,然而这样也会使事件应急处置难度提高、时间延长、经济代价增大。
我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)[4]的109项水质项目中,分为地表水环境质量标准基本项目、集中式饮用水地表水源地补充项目和集中式饮用水地表水源地特定项目3类,分别有24项、5项和80项。若非集中式饮用水地表水源地的地表水体中发生突发环境事件,且涉及的污染物类别属于集中式饮用水地表水源地补充项目或特定项目,影响到集中式饮用水地表水源地水质的,则存在执行标准缺失的问题;同时,《地表水环境质量标准》中个别指标严于同类型的世界卫生组织(WHO)或美国国家标准[5-7],如锑的浓度限制标准比WHO严格3倍,铊的浓度限制标准比美国严格4倍。
本研究遵循“饮用水源地安全、资源的可持续利用、因地制宜、目标导向、严格控制”的原则,提出了在非集中式饮用水地表水源地执行的容许浓度要求及计算方法,适用于主体为河流及河流型湖库,理论上污染物类别包括所有在河流中不会发生自降解的物质。研究内容是对现行《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)的补充,可为环境应急管理提供参考。
突发水环境事件中基于饮用水水源地保护目标的特征污染物容许浓度研究
Study on the allowable concentration of characteristic pollutant based on the protection of drinking water source during the period of water environmental emergencies
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摘要: 针对发生在非集中式饮用水水源地的突发环境事件,应制定应急处置过程中能保证下游集中式饮用水水源地水质安全、缓解应急处置压力的特征污染物容许浓度标准。以下游集中式饮用水水源地水质安全为前提,提出了上游各个河段中特征污染物的最大容许浓度要求及计算方法。此容许浓度既能完全保证饮用水水源地水质安全,又比饮用水水源地的标准限值宽松,可为因地制宜地进行环境应急处置提供参考。Abstract: For the emergent environmental events occurring in the surface water source of decentralized drinking water, standards for characteristic pollutants need to be developed to protect the safety of the surface water source of centralized drinking water at downstream. Based on the premise of the safety of the surface water source of centralized drinking water, this study proposes the maximum allowable concentration requirements and calculation method for the characteristic pollutants in the upstream sections. This allowable concentration will fully guarantee the safety of the drinking water source, and will be also looser than the standard limit of drinking water source. This study can provide reference for environmental emergency response tailored to local conditions.
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[1] 生态环境部. 中国环境状况公报(2014—2016年)[EB/OL]. [2021-04-26]. http://www.cnemc.cn/jcbg/zghjzkgb/. [2] 生态环境部. 中国环境状况公报(2017—2019年)[EB/OL]. [2021-04-26]. http://www.cnemc.cn/jcbg/zghjzkgb/. [3] 中华人民共和国生态环境部. 国家突发环境事件应急预案(国办函〔2014〕119号)(2019-12-27)[EB/OL]. [2021-04-26]. http://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/hjyj/yjzb/201912/t20191227_751708.shtml. [4] 国家环境保护总局, 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. 地表水环境质量标准: GB 3838-2002[S/OL]. [2021-04-26]. http://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/shjbh/shjzlbz/200206/t20020601_66497.shtml. [5] World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water quality(4th ed)[S/OL]. [2021-04-26]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548151. [6] United States Environmental Protection Agency. National drinking water regulations[S/OL]. [2021-04-26]. https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulation-table_.html. [7] United States Environmental Protection Agency. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria(2009)[S/OL]. [2021-04-26]. https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-human-health-criteria-table_.html.
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