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中国城镇化建设进程的加速导致城市生活垃圾产量迅猛增长。相关数据显示,我国城市生活垃圾由2013年的4×108 t迅速增长到2018年的4.7×108 t[1],预计城市生活垃圾年产量还将持续增长。焚烧具有预处理少、效率高、余热可循环利用的优点,是我国处理与处置城市生活垃圾的主流方法[2]。然而,焚烧过程伴随着3%~15%的飞灰产生,其中含有重金属、可溶性氯盐及持久性有机污染物等有害物质,限制了飞灰的深度处理处置[3-5]。
水泥窑炉协同处置或玻璃熔融处置是飞灰处置的主要方式,因飞灰中含有可溶性氯盐和重金属等有害组分,需要对其进行水洗去除的预处理。李小东等[6]研究表明,去离子水可以有效地洗脱垃圾焚烧飞灰中的氯,洗脱率高达93%。马保国等[7]的研究表明,在避免金属元素损失的同时,可实现洗脱剂对飞灰中氯和硫的去除。此外,有研究发现,飞灰经水洗后,氯离子含量可下降至1%以下,同时实现飞灰中重金属的稳定化[8]。然而,现有水洗技术对所有重金属脱除的普适性差,且使用药剂量大,经济成本高,易造成二次污染。电化学技术是利用各类污染物中金属电子的得失而使重金属去除的一种方法,其在土壤修复过程中重金属[9-10]和有机物[11-12]的去除有较好的效果。另外,大宗固体废物污染控制与循环利用领域也将电化学技术应用于重金属的去除,例如,锰渣、剩余污泥、转炉钒渣和铜尾矿渣[13-16]等。在前期研究中发现,水洗过程中加入适宜辅助试剂能提高重金属的去除效率,如樊萌[17]研究发现,以柠檬酸为辅助剂时,飞灰表面的重金属离子与溶液中的氢离子相互竞争改变了颗粒的电荷,从而促进了重金属的脱除。然而,很少有研究通过辅助剂结合电场的预处理方式去除飞灰中的重金属。
本研究以柠檬酸和柠檬酸铵作为辅助试剂,讨论其在不同初始pH、辅助剂浓度和电流强度下对飞灰重金属去除率的影响,对比分析两者电场强化水洗的优劣,讨论分析两个体系洗脱后飞灰重金属的浸出毒性,以期对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的预处理提供参考。
柠檬酸及柠檬酸铵电场强化水洗脱除垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属
Heavy metals removal from municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes by electric field enhanced washing with citric acid/ammonium citrate
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摘要: 为进一步强化城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属电场水洗脱除效果,详细研究柠檬酸和柠檬酸铵强化洗脱效果,分析了初始pH、辅助剂浓度和电流密度对飞灰中重金属去除率的影响,探讨了处理后飞灰的浸出毒性。结果表明,柠檬酸和柠檬酸铵辅助剂的电场强化水洗均能显著去除飞灰中重金属,且去除率随着初始pH的减少、辅助剂浓度的增加和电流密度的增加而增大。在最佳条件下,添加柠檬酸辅助剂,飞灰中铅、镉和镍的去除率均高于90%,锌、铜和砷的去除率分别为83.12、72.68和71.86%;以柠檬酸铵为辅助剂时,镉、铜、镍、锌、砷和铅的去除率分别为91.51%、88.18%、86.43%、77.94%、69.57%和69.07%;2种辅助剂处理后的飞灰重金属浸出浓度符合国家标准。本研究结果可为飞灰中重金属电场水洗脱除强化提供参考。Abstract: Citric acid and ammonium citrate were applied to further enhance the removal of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes by electric washing. The effects of initial pH, auxiliary agent concentration and current density on the removal rate of heavy metals from fly ash were studied, and the leaching risk of treated fly ash was discussed. These results indicate that both citric acid and ammonium citrate aided electric enhanced washing could significantly remove heavy metals from fly ashes, and the removal rate increases with the decrease of initial pH and the increase of auxiliary agent concentration and current density. At optimum conditions, with the addition of citric acid auxiliary agent, the removal rates of Pb, Cd and Ni in the fly ash are all higher than 90%, while the removal rates of Zn, Cu and As are 83.12%, 72.68% and 71.86% respectively. When ammonium citrate is used as an auxiliary agent, the removal rates of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, As and Pb removal rates are 91.51%, 88.18%, 86.43%, 77.94%, 69.57% and 69.07%, respectively. The fly ash treated with the two auxiliary agents has no leaching toxicity since their leaching concentrations either could not be detected or at an extremely lower level. The results provide references for electric field washing removal and enhancement of heavy metals in fly ash.
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