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医疗废物高温蒸汽处理工艺是典型的非焚烧技术,在国内外得到了广泛应用[1-5]。灭菌效果是其首要指示指标。影响灭菌效果的关键因素是在一定灭菌温度下的灭菌时间[6]。灭菌时间包括微生物的热死亡时间和水蒸汽热量的热穿透时间。热死亡时间是生物指示剂嗜热型脂肪杆菌芽孢在湿热灭菌状态下的死亡时间[7];而热穿透时间是指灭菌室内的热量进入医疗废物内部,使各点都达到相同灭菌温度所需要的热传递时间。在某一灭菌温度下的热死亡时间是确定的,而且其数值相对很短(如132 ℃时,热死亡时间为0.5 min)[8]。因此,决定灭菌时间的重要因素之一是该灭菌温度下的热穿透时间。
医疗废物高温蒸汽处理是一个复杂的热质传递过程。由于其所处理的物料具有成分复杂、状态不固定的特点,因此,难以用传统的热质传递理论对其进行数学模拟。有技术人员研究了影响热穿透时间的相关因素[9-10],但未能定量描述热穿透时间与其影响因素之间的关系。也有研究者[11]利用多孔物料的传递理论建立了该过程的热质传递模型,并以B-D试纸为实验用品对其进行了验证。鉴于废纸只是医疗废物的成分之一,该模型也不完全适用于实际医疗废物热穿透时间的理论计算。
灭菌温度和灭菌时间是医疗废物处理标准中必须明确的工艺参数。由于热穿透时间难以用理论计算来确定,因此,不同标准中灭菌时间差别很大。世界卫生组织推荐,灭菌温度120 ℃时灭菌时间为30 min[12];我国的标准中规定的灭菌温度是134 ℃,灭菌时间45 min[13]。
本研究以实际医疗废物为样品,对热穿透时间进行实验,实验中综合考虑了试样装填密度、试样体积、灭菌温度及灭菌室真空情况等工艺条件对高温蒸汽处理工艺热穿透时间的影响。研究中使用的实验装置为脉动真空型医疗废物高温蒸汽灭菌器,该技术类型的灭菌器在医疗废物处理工程中普遍使用。本实验结果可为医疗废物高温蒸汽处理工艺工程实践提供有益的数据参考。
医疗废物高温蒸汽处理工艺中热穿透时间的影响因素
Influential factors on heat-transfer time in medical waste steam sterilizing process
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摘要: 为解决难以通过理论计算来确定医疗废物高温蒸汽处理技术热穿透时间的问题,以实际的医疗废物为试样,利用灭菌室容积为6 m3的脉动真空灭菌器,考察了试样装填密度、试样体积、灭菌温度及灭菌室真空情况等工艺条件下对医疗废弃物热穿透时间的影响。结果表明,在无真空操作及压实状态下,需要的热穿透时间最长,而脉动真空操作和松散状态可以极大地缩短热穿透时间。小车开孔对缩短热穿透时间有促进作用,但作用效果受其他工艺条件的影响。根据实验结果提出了1种适用于脉动真空类设备的高温蒸汽安全处理条件:在松散填装的状态下,灭菌温度为134 ℃、空气排除率不低于83%,灭菌时间最低为13 min。上述实验结果验证了影响热穿透时间的主要因素及其影响规律,确定了不同条件下医疗废弃物的热穿透时间,对医疗废物高温蒸汽处理条件的选择具有指导意义。Abstract: Heat transfer time is difficult to determine by theoretical calculations in high temperature steam sterilization of medical waste. Taking actual medical waste as a sample, a pulsating vacuum sterilizer with a volume of 6 m3 in sterilizing chamber was used to study the effect of sample loading density, sample volume, sterilization temperature and vacuum condition on the heat transfer time of medical waste. The result showed that the longest heat transfer time was required under the condition of no vacuum operation and compaction, while it could be greatly shorten in the pulsating vacuum operation and loose state. The hole of container wall contributed to shortening the heat transfer time, but its effect was related to other process conditions. A safe treatment condition for pulsating vacuum equipment was put forward according to the experimental results, that is, the loose filling state, the sterilization temperature of 134 ℃, the minimum air removal rate of 83%, and the minimum sterilization time of 13 min. The experimental results verified the main factors affecting the thermal transfer time and its influencing rules, and determined the thermal transfer time of medical waste under different conditions. These research results would be instructive for engineering practice in steam sterilization of medical waste.
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表 1 医疗废物热穿透时间实验组合情况表
Table 1. Various experimental program in experiment of heat transfer time for medical waste
实验分组 容器情况 操作参数 式样1 式样2 式样3 式样4 温度/℃ 真空情况 体积/m3 填装状态 体积/m3 填装状态 体积/m3 填装状态 体积/m3 填装状态 第1组 侧面开孔 120 脉动真空 1 松散 1 压实 0.5 松散 0.5 压实 第2组 侧面开孔 120 无真空 1 松散 1 压实 0.5 松散 0.5 压实 第3组 侧面开孔 134 脉动真空 1 松散 1 压实 0.5 松散 0.5 压实 第4组 侧面开孔 134 无真空 1 松散 1 压实 0.5 松散 0.5 压实 第5组 侧面无孔 120 脉动真空 1 松散 1 压实 0.5 松散 0.5 压实 第6组 侧面无孔 120 无真空 1 松散 1 压实 0.5 松散 0.5 压实 第7组 侧面无孔 134 脉动真空 1 松散 1 压实 0.5 松散 0.5 压实 第8组 侧面无孔 134 无真空 1 松散 1 压实 0.5 松散 0.5 压实 -
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