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好氧堆肥化是利用好氧微生物代谢使有机废弃物降解稳定,不再易腐发臭,成为相容于植物生长的土壤调理剂的过程。在这一过程中,固体废物中有机氮的转化降解及存在形态是影响堆肥过程卫生环境及产品品质的重要因素。在好氧堆肥过程中,有机氮首先通过微生物的氨化作用转化为氨氮即铵态氮(
$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N),再通过硝化作用转化为硝态氮($ {\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N)[1]。除存在于土壤中的少量可溶性含氮有机物如尿素、氨基酸等外,作物从土壤中吸收的氮素主要是$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N和$ {\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N,被吸收到体内的$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N可与光合作用产生的有机酸结合形成氨基酸,进而形成其他含氮有机物,而$ {\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N在作物体内先还原为$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N,然后再被吸收利用。因此,堆肥过程中$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N和$ {\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N的含量主要反映了堆肥的腐熟度。然而,已有研究表明,高温期催化硝化反应的微生物活性较低[2],导致$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N无法及时转化为$ {\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ -N,堆体中$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N含量及pH随堆肥时间的延长不断上升,最终导致累积的$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N以氨气(NH3)的形式挥发;NH3的大量挥发不仅造成堆肥产品品质降低,而且影响好氧堆肥的卫生环境,带来大气污染。如何有效控制好氧堆肥过程中的氮素损失、减少二次污染是好氧堆肥技术的研究热点。添加外源添加剂是减少好氧堆肥过程中氮素损失的有效手段之一。常用的添加剂包括酸性添加剂[3]、吸附剂[4]、化学添加剂[5]以及生物添加剂[6]等。其中,酸性添加剂主要通过降低堆肥前期堆体pH以控制氨挥发及氮素损失。氨三乙酸(NTA)是一种含氮三元中强酸[7],为无色晶体,能溶于水,水解电离出的H+可与NH3结合形成
$ {\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ ,减少氨气挥发及氮素损失,且具有良好的生物可降解性[8],大量使用不会造成生态污染,无生态风险。另外,NTA还具有以下优点:一是在保氮的同时,还可以补充堆体的碳源和氮源;二是较于吸附剂和生物添加剂对NH3有更好的控制效果;三是添加量小,价格更经济。基于此,本研究将NTA作为外源添加剂,研究其减少好氧堆肥过程中氮素损失的实际效果;同时,通过研究NTA添加对堆体理化性质、有机质含量及堆体腐熟度的影响,进一步分析其对好氧堆肥进程及效果的影响,以期为好氧堆肥保氮工艺优化提供有益参考。
氨三乙酸对好氧堆肥过程中氮素保存效果的影响
Effect of nitrilotriacetic acid on nitrogen conservation during aerobic composting
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摘要: 以食品厂污水处理剩余污泥和玉米秸秆为堆肥原料,研究了氨三乙酸(NTA)在好氧堆肥过程中的保氮效果。结果表明,添加NTA可以提高好氧堆肥过程中氮素的保存和有机物的降解效率,当NTA的添加量为2.5%时,3 d内堆体即可到达高温期,高温期持续时间为9 d。与空白对照相比,堆肥结束时,NH3累积挥发量减少了15.20%,铵态氮、硝态氮和凯氏氮含量分别提高了242%、10.54%和10.62%;同时,二氧化碳累积排放量增加了13.47%,总有机碳含量降低了1.4%。堆肥结束时,堆肥产物的碳氮比和种子发芽指数分别为8.84和95.46%,达到了腐熟要求。堆肥过程中,NTA水解产生H+,可与氨化反应生成的NH3结合,这有利于堆体中氮素的保存,提高堆肥产品的肥效。本研究结果可为好氧堆肥保氮工艺优化提供参考。Abstract: The waste activated sludge from wastewater treatment of food industry and corn stalks were used as raw composting materials, and the nitrogen retention efficiency of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) during aerobic composting was studied. The results showed that the addition of NTA improved the efficiency of nitrogen retention and organic matter degradation during aerobic composting. When the dosage of NTA added was 2.5%, a high temperature period was reached within 3 days, and lasted 9 days. Compared with the control, the cumulative NH3 volatilization decreased by 15.20%, and the contents of ammonium, nitrate, and Kjeldahl nitrogen increased by 242%, 10.54% and 10.62%, respectively, at the end of composting. At the same time, the cumulative carbon dioxide emissions increased by 13.47 %, and the total organic carbon content was reduced by 1.4%. The C/N ratio and seed germination index for the compost product were 8.84 and 95.46%, respectively, which met the requirements of maturity, at the end of composting. During the composting, NTA was hydrolyzed to produce H+, which was combined with NH3 produced by the ammoniation reaction. It was conducive to the preservation of nitrogen in the heap and improved the fertilizer efficiency of the compost products. The research result provided a useful reference for the optimization of the nitrogen retention during aerobic composting.
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表 1 堆肥原料的理化性质
Table 1. Physicochemical properties of raw materials
供试原料 含水率/% TOC/(mg·g−1) TKN/(mg·g−1) C/N 污泥 85.24 575.62 79.40 7.24 玉米秸秆 8.56 435.24 8.92 48.78 氨三乙酸 0.04 376.36 73.24 5.13 -
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