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塑料制品的使用非常广泛,但在其给人们生活带来便利的同时,大量塑料废物也给环境带来很大压力。塑料废物是难物降解,会在环境中存留长达400~1 000年[1]。经过长时间的物理、化学和生物降解等作用,塑料在自然环境中断裂成塑料碎片或颗粒。当这些塑料碎片或颗粒的粒径小于5 mm时,被定义为微塑料[2]。除此之外,一些化妆品和清洁剂中也会添加微塑料[3]。微塑料广泛存在于生态环境中,与塑料相比,微塑料的化学性能更加稳定,更容易被生物吞食,并通过生物链发生传递、富集,甚至对人体产生危害[4]。因此,微塑料的污染问题逐渐成为研究热点和重点。
近年来,关于海洋环境中微塑料的研究日益增多。CORDOVA等[5]分析了印度尼西亚泗水海峡北岸微塑料的分布特征,发现聚苯乙烯为主要的微塑料类型。COLLIGNON等[6]发现,地中海北部水体中的微塑料丰度在强风事件前是强风事件后的5倍。内陆河流与湖泊环境与人类活动的关系更为密切,但是相关微塑料污染研究相对较少。JIANG等[7]分析了青藏高原河水和河流沉积物中微塑料的分布特征,发现在人类活动稀少的偏远地区微塑料污染程度小。WANG等[8]研究了浙江温瑞塘河沉积物中微塑料的分布特征,发现粒径小于300 μm的微塑料更容易积聚在河流沉积物中,从而使得进入海洋中的这类微塑料丰度减小。
白洋淀是我国华北平原最大的淡水湖泊,位于河北省东南部的保定市,地处太行山东麓、永定河冲积扇与滹沱河冲积扇之间的低洼地区,属海河流域大清河水系[9]。白洋淀淀区水域面积为366 km2,平均蓄水量13.2×108 m3,被称为“华北明珠”[10]。府河是白洋淀的最重要供水河流之一,全长62 km,流域面积781 km2[9]。府河沿岸居民众多,生活和农业生产中使用的塑料产品繁多。这些产品形成的塑料废物通过污水排放和地表径流等多种方式输送到府河,最终流入白洋淀或在河道中堆积。目前,还没有关于白洋淀地区微塑料污染状况的研究。本研究通过对府河入淀口段中沉积物进行采样并检测,分析沉积物中微塑料的污染现状及其来源,以期为白洋淀区域微塑料污染方面的治理提供参考。
白洋淀-府河入淀口段沉积物中微塑料的丰度及分布特征
Microplastic abundance and distribution in sediments of Fuhe River estuary into the Baiyangdian Lake
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摘要: 为研究白洋淀-府河入淀口沉积物中微塑料的污染现状,在府河入淀口段15个采样点进行采样,利用密度浮选法分离沉积物样品中的微塑料,分析微塑料的丰度、分布特征及来源。结果表明:府河沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度为(558.4±233.3) 个·kg−1,最大丰度值达到1 049 个·kg−1;依据微塑料的形态特征可将府河入淀口段沉积物中的微塑料划分为碎片状、纤维状、薄膜状和球状;丰度最高的微塑料为碎片状,占总数的66.1%;粒径为0.1~0.5 mm的微塑料占比最大(44.7%),其次是0.5~1 mm的微塑料(30.0%);微塑料的类型主要是聚乙烯和聚丙烯,占比分别为44.2%和32.6%。综上所述,府河入淀口段沉积物中微塑料的丰度和分布特征与该区域的人口密度和人类活动强度等环境特点密切相关。Abstract: In order to study the status of microplastic pollution in sediments of Fuhe River estuary into the Baiyangdian Lake, sediments of 15 sampling sites were collected to separate the microplastic by flotation method, and the microplastic abundance, distribution characteristics and origins were investigated. The results showed that the average abundance of microplastic in Fuhe River sediment was (558.4±233.3) items·kg−1, and the maximum abundance was 1 049 items·kg−1. The microplastic was divided into fragment, fiber, film and pellet according to morphological characteristics of microplastic. The commonest microplastic shape was fragment, which accounted for 66.1%. The proportion of 0.1~0.5 mm microplastic was the largest (44.7%), followed by that of 0.5~1 mm microplastic (30.0%). The main types of microplastic were polyethylene and polypropylene, accounting for 44.2% and 32.6%, respectively. The analysis indicated that the abundance and distribution characteristics of microplastic in sediments of Fuhe River estuary into the Baiyangdian Lake were closely related to the environmental characteristics, such as population density and human activity intensity in the study area.
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Key words:
- Fuhe River estuary /
- sediment /
- microplastic /
- abundance /
- distribution
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