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砷在地壳和天然矿物中广泛存在,也是世界各地水生态系统的主要污染物之一[1-2]。砷在地下水中主要以As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)形态存在,由于As(Ⅲ)更容易被细胞摄取,故其毒性比As(Ⅴ)更强[3]。砷污染地下水广泛分布在6大洲70多个国家,包括孟加拉国、印度、中国、越南、尼泊尔、墨西哥、匈牙利、阿根廷等[4]。部分地区地下水中砷的浓度可以达到数百甚至数千微克每升,远远高于世界卫生组织所推荐的饮用水中10 μg·L−1限值[5]。长期摄入砷可能引发皮肤病、心血管疾病以及其他各种癌症[6]。地下水砷污染是一个严重的环境问题,因此地下水砷污染的治理也一直是研究热点。
吸附法以其高效、灵活、成本低、操作简便等优点被广泛应用于水体中砷的去除[7]。有研究表明,铁氧化物对As(Ⅴ)有较好的吸附作用,但地下水中的砷通常以As(Ⅲ)形态存在,ZHANG等[8]制备了一种铁锰二元氧化物吸附剂,利用锰氧化物氧化和氧化铁吸附作用机制实现了地下水中As(Ⅲ)的高效去除。近年来,纳米零价铁(nano zero-valent iron,nZVI)因其体积小、比表面积大、还原性强、吸附性能好、环境友好等特点,被广泛应用于水体中重金属和有机物污染物的控制[9-10]。此外,有研究[11]表明,nZVI材料在地下水砷污染控制中具有明显优势。
目前,关于nZVI除砷的研究主要是在实验室模拟地下水的严格厌氧环境中,或直接暴露在大气环境下进行的[12-13]。溶解氧的存在明显影响了nZVI在水溶液中的反应行为及对砷的去除作用[14]。但不同氧含量对nZVI除砷效果影响的研究尚未见报道。在自然的地下环境中,随着土壤向沉积物的转变,氧浓度呈现由高向低逐渐变化的趋势[15]。此外,由于地下水过度开采以及季节性变化等也会造成地下水位波动,导致地下水处于厌氧、好氧交替的环境之中[16-18],进而对nZVI除砷效果产生未知的影响。因此,研究不同氧含量条件下nZVI去除As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的作用机制,通过人为调控氧含量强化nZVI除砷效果具有重要的环境意义。
本研究通过分析不同氧含量(厌氧、低氧、中氧和高氧)条件下nZVI分别去除As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的作用机制,以探索氧含量对nZVI除砷效果的影响。此外,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对nZVI-H2O-O2-As(Ⅴ)/As(Ⅲ)反应产物进行了表征,进而明确氧气促进nZVI除As(Ⅴ)/As(Ⅲ)的作用机理。
氧气促进纳米零价铁除砷效果及其作用机制
Effect and mechanism of oxygen promoted nano zero-valent iron for arsenic removal
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摘要: 为了探究氧气对纳米零价铁(nZVI)除砷的影响,考察了不同的氧含量(厌氧、低氧、中氧和高氧)条件下nZVI对As(Ⅲ)/As(V)的去除效果,并结合表征结果分析了氧气对nZVI除砷的影响机制。结果表明:氧气存在会显著促进nZVI对As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)的去除,但不同氧含量对nZVI除砷的促进程度有所不同;随着氧含量的增加,As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)的去除率呈现先增大后减小然后再增大的趋势。在初始砷浓度为50 mg·L−1、nZVI投加量为200 mg·L−1、O2/nZVI摩尔比等于0.5时,砷的去除率达到最大,As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)体系中砷的去除率分别为96.27%和51.75%。固相表征结果表明:氧气对nZVI的氧化程度及除砷效果具有较大的影响,在低氧条件下,nZVI被少量氧化为无定型铁矿物进而提高除砷效果;在中氧条件下,nZVI被氧化为大量的溶解态Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ),溶解态铁对砷没有去除效果,从而导致砷的去除率降低;在高氧条件下,nZVI被大量氧化,溶解态Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)进一步被氧化形成新的无定型铁矿物,可增强除砷效果。以上结果可为评估不同氧含量条件下纳米零价铁除砷效果以及人为强化纳米零价铁除砷效果提供参考。Abstract: In this study, the effect of oxygen on arsenic removal by nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) was investigated under different oxygen conditions (anaerobic, low, medium and high oxygen), and the mechanism of oxygen promoted nZVI for arsenic removal was analyzed based on the characterization results. The result showed that the presence of oxygen significantly promoted the removal of As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ) by nZVI. However, there were significant differences in the removal efficiency of As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ) at different oxygen contents. With the increase of oxygen content, the removal efficiency of As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ) increased first, then decreased, but rose again. At the initial As content of 50 mg·L−1, the O2/nZVI molar ratio of 0.5 and nZVI dosage of 200 mg·L−1, the maximum removal efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) were 96.27% and 51.75%, respectively. The solid phase characterization results indicated that oxygen can significantly affect the oxidation extent of nZVI and the performance of arsenic removal by nZVI. Under low oxygen condition, nZVI was slightly oxidized to amorphous iron oxides and the arsenic removal effect was improved. Under medium oxygen condition, nZVI was oxidized to a large amount of dissolved Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ), which was unavailable for arsenic removal, then arsenic removal efficiency declined. Under high oxygen condition, abundant of nZVI was oxidized and the dissolved Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) were further oxidized to form new amorphous iron minerals, then arsenic removal efficiency increased. This study provided a theoretical proof for evaluating the effect of arsenic removal by nZVI combined with different oxygen content conditions and the effect of artificial enhancement of arsenic removal by nZVI.
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Key words:
- nano zero-valent iron(nZVI) /
- arsenic /
- groundwater /
- oxygen content
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表 1 不同氧含量条件下,nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)体系反应产物中不同价态的砷和铁占比
Table 1. Proportion of arsenic and iron with different valence states in reaction products of nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ) systemsunder different oxygen content conditions
% 体系 氧含量条件 As(Ⅴ) As(Ⅲ) As(0) Fe(Ⅲ) Fe(Ⅱ) Fe(0) nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅲ) 厌氧 13.22 80.31 6.47 35.59 54.84 9.57 nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅲ) 低氧 16.35 78.80 4.85 39.13 53.31 7.56 nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅲ) 中氧 37.55 58.65 4.00 58.03 39.47 2.50 nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅲ) 高氧 39.50 57.79 2.71 59.28 38.56 2.16 nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅴ) 厌氧 65.33 16.59 18.08 17.41 69.16 13.42 nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅴ) 低氧 74.22 13.84 11.94 33.85 56.21 9.94 nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅴ) 中氧 92.17 7.83 0.00 55.75 42.04 2.21 nZVI-H2O-As(Ⅴ) 高氧 92.68 7.32 0.00 57.04 40.96 2.01 -
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