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随着现代工业的快速发展,铬、镉、汞、铜等重金属的大规模开发和广泛应用,造成了严重的土壤和地下水污染[1]。其中,铬是污染最为严重的重金属之一,在环境中主要以Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ) 2种形态存在,Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性是Cr(Ⅲ)的500倍[2-3],且在土壤地下水中的迁移扩散能力较强[4]。铬污染已经成为影响人类健康、生态环境及社会可持续发展的严重威胁[5]。用于Cr(Ⅵ)修复的还原剂有零价铁、二价铁和多硫化物等。其中,零价纳米铁是应用最为广泛的修复剂之一[6-7]。然而在实际修复工程中,由于零价纳米铁表面易氧化、颗粒易团聚,在很大程度上降低了其反应活性及其在环境介质中的迁移扩散能力[8-9]。
近年来,通过绿色合成法制备零价纳米铁逐渐成为研究热点[10],该方法是使用具有高还原能力的植物提取液替代硼氢化钠溶液。与传统方法相比,其优点在于:提取液中的多酚类物质既可作为还原剂又能包覆在纳米铁的表面,提高其抗氧化活性[11];具有更低的环境影响和制备成本[12];植物提取液中的有机质可为微生物提供养分,为利用微生物协同修复创造了条件[13]。MACHADO等[14]使用葡萄、红茶、葡萄藤叶提取液合成纳米铁,对布洛芬的去除率高达95%;ESSIEN等[15]将橄榄叶提取液作为还原剂制备绿色纳米铁,利用纳米铁静电吸附和表面络合去除水中的Ni2+,去除率最高可达97%;郭梦羽等[16]使用红背桂叶、菩提叶和龙眼叶的提取液制备纳米铁,其对亚甲基蓝的脱色率分别为99.2%、54.2%和20.8%。但是,由于绿色纳米铁对目标污染物的去除能力受到植物提取液性质的影响,在一些研究中,往往更多地关注修复剂对污染物的去除效果,而忽视了修复剂自身的悬浮稳定性和迁移扩散能力,同时保持修复剂的反应活性和悬浮稳定性是修复技术发挥作用的关键。
本研究选取了富含植物多酚的绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶、桑树叶,以及成都市资源丰富的银杏叶、石榴树叶、枇杷叶、悬铃木、木芙蓉共9种样本植物。通过对不同植物提取液的抗氧化活性测试,初步筛选出3种还原能力较高的绿色纳米铁,并对其进行了较为深入的表征分析,通过考察不同绿色纳米铁对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果,比较了绿色纳米铁的反应活性,以期为绿色纳米铁制备技术应用于土壤地下水污染修复提供参考。
植物提取液绿色合成纳米铁去除地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)
Green synthesis of nZVI using plant extracts for treatment of hexavalent chromium in groundwater
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摘要: 利用植物提取液绿色合成的纳米铁,具有绿色环保、成本低廉等优点。基于此,通过对9种植物叶片提取液进行抗氧化活性的分析,筛选出了抗氧化活性较高的3种植物提取液,且利用其制备了纳米零价铁,分别为绿茶纳米铁(GT-nZVI)、石榴叶纳米铁(PG-nZVI)和红茶纳米铁(BT-nZVI)。通过沉降实验、UV-vis、SEM、FT-IR、XRD、TG等分析方法对绿色纳米铁进行了悬浮稳定性和物理化学性质的表征分析。最后,选择Cr(VI)作为目标污染物,考察了绿色纳米铁的反应活性。结果表明:GT-nZVI粒径最小(约88 nm),悬浮稳定性优于另外2种绿色纳米铁,且表面包裹了更多含C=C基团的有机物;在相同的反应条件下,反应开始的1 h内GT-nZVI对Cr(VI)的去除效果最好;借助双室一级动力学模型拟合去除Cr(VI)反应过程发现,体系中还原反应占主导作用。对不同植物提取液合成纳米铁的理化性质及其去除Cr(VI)机理的研究,将有助于增加对绿色纳米铁环境功效的理解,对于发展绿色纳米铁修复地下水污染技术具有重要的参考价值。Abstract: Plant extract based green synthesis of nano-iron particles has the advantages of low cost and environmental friendly. In this study, the oxidation resistance properties of nine typical plant leaves extracts were compared and three of them with higher antioxidation activities were chosen for the synthesis of nano-zero-iron products: green tea nano-zero-valent iron (GT-nZVI), pomegranate leaf nano-zero-valent iron (PG-nZVI) and black tea nano-zero-valent iron (BT-nZVI). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis, SEM, FT-IR, XRD and TG for suspension stability and physicochemical properties. At last, Cr(Ⅵ) was selected as the model pollution compound for the reaction activity of green nano-zero-iron. The experimental results showed that the GT-nZVI had the smallest particle size(about 88 nm) and the best aqueous suspension stability than the other two green nano-irons. The surface of GT-nZVI was covered with more organic functional groups, such as C=C group. Under the same condition, GT-nZVI had the best Cr(VI) removal performance within first hour of reaction. The fitting results of the kinetic process of Cr(VI) removal by the two-compartment first order kinetic model indicated that the reduction reaction was dominant during the reaction. The study on the physicochemical properties of nano iron synthesized from different plant extracts and its removal mechanism of Cr(VI) will help to facilitates the understanding of the environmental remediation potential of nano iron particles, and provide an important reference for the development of green nano iron remediation technology of groundwater pollution.
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Key words:
- green synthesis /
- nZVI /
- plant extract /
- hexavalent chromium /
- groundwater contamination
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表 1 GT-nZVI、PG-nZVI和BT-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)去除反应动力学拟合结果
Table 1. Kinetics fitting results of hexavalent chromium removal by GT-nZVI, PG-nZVI and BT-nZVI nanoparticles
纳米铁
类型拟一级模型 双室一级模型 k1/min−1 标准误差 $R_{{\rm{adj}}}^2$ ffast ffast标准误差 kfast/min−1 kfast标准误差 fslow fslow标准误差 kslow/min−1 kslow标准误差 $R_{{\rm{adj}}}^2$ GT-nZVI 0.225 0.037 0.889 0.772 0.043 0.536 0.077 0.228 0.042 0.073 0.002 0.999 PG-nZVI 0.009 0.004 0.550 0.707 0.020 0.534 0.081 0.293 0.012 0.008 0.001 0.996 BT-nZVI 0.005 0.002 0.506 0.575 0.021 0.505 0.091 0.425 0.011 0.004 0.003 0.993 -
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