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近年来,农村生活污水排放量不断增大,随之而引起的水体污染问题也越来越突出[1]。由于农村污水产生面广且分散,水质和水量波动大,常规的好氧生物或生态处理工艺往往无法达到令人满意的处理效果[2-3]。而厌氧生物处理技术以其较低的能耗、较少的污泥产生量和较好的能源回收潜力越来越引起研究者的关注[4]。
厌氧生物处理技术主要依靠厌氧微生物的生物降解作用,实现污水中污染物的去除[5]。厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)和厌氧滤池(AF)是2种常用的污水厌氧处理技术,具有处理效率高、结构简单等优点,因而备受研究者的关注[6-7]。
由于农村生活污水污染物浓度低,厌氧微生物生长速度缓慢且对环境条件较为敏感,故处理农村污水的厌氧反应器往往需要较长的启动时间。杨春等[8]利用填充有无纺布填料的ABR处理农村污水,在反应器运行至第60 d时才完成启动,在启动期的最高COD去除率为66%。赵丽等[9]利用接种了厌氧颗粒污泥的ABR处理模拟畜禽养殖废水,反应器的启动期长达64 d。MOUSSAVI等[10]利用未接种污泥的上流式化粪池处理生活污水,运行81 d才完成启动。由于处理农村生活污水的厌氧反应器的启动时间过长,使反应器在实际污水处理的应用中往往受到一定限制。因此,如何对用于农村生活污水处理的厌氧反应器进行有针对性地设计以实现反应器的快速启动非常重要。
本研究构建了基于厌氧折流板和厌氧滤池工艺集成的强化复合厌氧反应器。通过考察反应器的COD去除率、CH4产生量、各格室pH和Eh变化等,研究其快速启动特性。该研究结果可为强化复合厌氧反应器在农村生活污水处理的应用提供参考。
强化复合厌氧反应器处理农村生活污水的快速启动
Rapid start-up of enhanced hybrid anaerobic reactor for rural domestic sewage treatment
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摘要: 针对常规单一厌氧反应器处理农村生活污水启动时间长、处理效率低等问题,构建了一种集填料型厌氧折流和厌氧滤池技术为一体的新型强化复合厌氧反应器,并对该反应器的启动方法和运行特性进行了探究。采用接种污水厂活性污泥,并通过逐渐缩短反应器水力停留时间(HRT)的方法,进行反应器的启动。结果表明,在运行时间为25 d时,反应器出水COD降至65 mg·L−1,COD去除率达70.7%;各格室pH和氧化还原电位(Eh)分别稳定在6.9~7.0和(−243±6)~(−289±6) mV;CH4产生量达365 mL·d−1,反应器实现成功启动。其中,折流区单元对COD的去除占主导作用,折流区单元内污泥生长和填料挂膜状况良好。本研究构建的强化复合厌氧反应器能够成功实现快速启动,为其在农村生活污水处理中的实际应用提供了参考依据。Abstract: In order to solve the problems of long start-up period and low treatment efficiency of conventional single anaerobic reactor for rural domestic sewage treatment, a novel enhanced hybrid anaerobic reactor which integrated anaerobic baffled reactor with packing and anaerobic filter was built, and its start-up method and operating characteristics were studied. The start-up of this hybrid reactor was performed by inoculating the activated sludge from wastewater treatment plant and gradually shortening its HRT. The results showed that after 25 days running, the effluent COD concentration decreased to 65 mg·L−1 and the COD removal efficiency reached 70.7%, the pH and Eh in each compartment were stabilized at 6.9~7.0 and (−243±6)~(−289±6) mV, respectively, and the CH4 production was 365 mL·d−1, indicating the successful start-up of the hybrid reactor. Of which the baffled unit played a dominant role in COD removal, and the sludge growth and biofilm formation in the baffled unit were good. The results showed that the enhanced hybrid anaerobic reactor for rural sewage treatment can achieve the rapid start-up, it can provide reference for the practical application of this hybrid reactor in rural domestic sewage treatment.
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