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全球工业化与城市化的高速发展导致重金属严重污染水资源,人类社会正遭受严峻的健康挑战[1-3]。铅作为一种毒性重金属,由于其在生态系统中具有生物累积性和持久性的特点,已被世界环保组织列为优先治理的一种污染物[4]。长期饮用含铅废水会损坏人体器官,增加癌症的发病率。目前,污水中铅的治理技术主要有化学沉淀、膜过滤、电渗析以及生物修复等,但这些技术在实际的污水处理中存在诸多限制因素,且可能会带来二次污染[5-7]。吸附法因其具有成本低、高效、安全、无副产物生成等优点被认为是当前最具应用前景的技术[8]。
生物炭是由生物质原料经高温无氧或微氧热解而成的高度芳香化的多孔富炭固体。因其具有优良的表面性能(大比表面、多孔结构、丰富的官能团等)、来源广泛、对环境友好等优点,受到各研究领域高度关注[9]。近年来,生物炭在治理污水中的有机污染物与重金属方面表现出了极大的潜力,是一种应用范围较为广泛的环境污染吸附剂[10-11]。有研究[9]发现,生物炭的表面理化性质决定其吸附性能,而原料与热解条件(尤其是热解温度)又是影响生物炭表面理化性质的主要因素。因此,选择合适的原料以及适宜的热解温度是生产高效吸附产品的必要条件。
我国食用菌产业规模庞大,2017年食用菌总产量约为3.7×107 t,随之而产生的菌糠总量高达6.0×107 t[12]。大规模的菌糠堆积会对生态环境造成巨大压力,同时也对废弃物处理工作提出了严峻的挑战。菌糠的传统处理方式为室外堆积或就地焚烧,这样不仅浪费资源,而且污染环境[13]。由于菌糠表面富含羧基、羟基、磷酸基团与羰基等官能团,国内外学者已将其作为重金属吸附剂进行了大量研究。HU等[14]研究发现,香菇菌糠吸附Cu2+主要是由于其表面富含羟基、氨基以及羧基等官能团;宋涛[15]利用NaOH改性黑木耳菌糠吸附水中的Pb2+,其最大吸附量达到了49.53 mg·g−1;JIN等[16]根据Langmuir模型计算得出平菇菌糠对Cd2+的最大吸附量为87.2 mg·g−1。然而,关于以菌糠为原料制备生物炭去除水体中的Pb2+研究却鲜有报道,且其吸附性能及吸附机制尚不清楚。因此,本研究以平菇菌糠为生物质原料,在250、450和650 ℃下慢速热解制备生物炭,通过BET、SEM-EDS、XRD、FT-IR等多种现代化技术对生物炭样品进行表征,采用批量吸附实验研究其对水体中Pb2+的吸附特性,利用机制定性、定量分析实验,深入解析其吸附机理,为固废管理以及污水中Pb2+的去除提供参考。
平菇菌糠生物炭对水体中Pb2+的吸附特性与机制
Adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of Pb2+ in water on biochar derived from spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrate
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摘要: 为缓解固废处理压力及开发高效廉价Pb2+吸附产品,以平菇菌糠(PS)为原料,在250、450、650 ℃温度下,限氧热解制备生物炭(PSBC),并采用BET、SEM-EDS、XRD、FT-IR对样品的表面理化性质进行了探究。通过批量吸附、机制定性和定量分析实验,研究了PSBC对水体中Pb2+的吸附特性和吸附机理。结果表明:当热解温度由250 ℃升至650 ℃,含氧官能团数量减少,比表面积与芳构化程度急剧增加;PSBC对Pb2+的吸附依赖于溶液pH,当pH为6.0时吸附量最大。吸附过程符合准二级动力学与Freundlich模型,说明以多分子层上的化学吸附为主。相较PS250与PS450,PS650拥有较大比表面积与良好的介孔结构,可为Pb2+的吸附提供更多的结合位点。经Langmuir模型计算,PS650最大吸附量为215.30 mg·g−1,其吸附效果甚至高于一些改性生物炭。机理分析表明,PSBC吸附Pb2+的主要机制为碳酸盐的沉淀作用,同时还伴随着含氧官能团的络合以及π-Pb2+间相互作用的贡献。本研究结果可为菌糠固废管理以及污水中Pb2+的去除提供参考。Abstract: In order to alleviate the pressure of solid waste treatment and develop cheap and efficient Pb2+ adsorbent products, spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrate (PS) was used as raw material to prepare biochar (PSBC) by limited oxygen pyrolysis at temperature of 250, 450 and 650 ℃, and the surface physical and chemical properties of the samples were studied by BET, SEM-EDS, XRD and FT-IR. The characteristics and mechanism of Pb2+ adsorption on PSBC were studied by the experiments of batch adsorption, mechanism qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results showed that the specific surface area and aromatization of PSBC increased sharply and oxygen-containing functional groups decreased when the pyrolysis temperature increased from 250 ℃ to 650 ℃. The adsorption of Pb2+ on PSBC was pH-dependent, and the maximum adsorption amount occurred at pH 6.0. The pseudo second order kinetic model and the Freundlich model were suitable for fitting the adsorption process of Pb2+ onto PSBC, which proved that the process was chemical adsorption occurring on the multi-molecular layer. Compared with PS250 and PS450, PS650 had larger specific surface area, better-developed mesoporous structure and more binding sites for Pb2+ adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by Langmuir model was 215.30 mg∙g−1, which was even higher than those of some modified biochars. The results of qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that the precipitation of carbonate always dominated the adsorption process of Pb2+ on PSBC, being accompanied by the complexation of oxygen-containing functional groups and the interaction between π-Pb2+.The results can provide reference for solid waste management of spent mushroom substrate and the removal of Pb2+ from sewage.
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表 1 PSBC的理化性质
Table 1. Physical-chemical properties of PSBC
生物炭 产率/% 灰分/% pH Zeta电位/mV C/% H/% O/% N/% O/C H/C 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 孔径/nm 孔径体积/(cm3·g−1) PS250 50.86 8.71 8.24 −29.7 65.6 4.68 27.19 2.5 0.41 0.07 5.37 7.32 0.01 PS450 38.67 11.74 9.92 −27.2 69 3.19 25.6 2.26 0.37 0.05 22.75 3.81 0.03 PS650 31.37 14.31 10.08 −26.4 71.5 1.36 25.21 1.93 0.35 0.02 75.63 3.24 0.11 表 2 吸附动力学模型拟合参数
Table 2. Constant and correlation coefficients of the adsorption kinetic equation
生物炭 准一阶动力学模型 准二阶动力学模型 qe,实际 qe,理论 k1 R2 qe,理论 k2 R2 PS250 79.38 74.85 0.021 7 0.960 4 81.47 0.000 4 0.994 2 PS450 137.63 130.72 0.060 4 0.911 5 138.26 0.000 7 0.995 4 PS650 190.23 185.89 0.148 5 0.875 3 191.09 0.001 9 0.998 7 表 3 吸附等温线拟合
Table 3. Isotherm constants for fitting equation
生物炭 Langmuir模型 Freundlich模型 qmax kL R2 kF n R2 PS250 94.02 0.047 3 0.969 5 31.89 5.741 3 0.995 2 PS450 156.22 0.414 3 0.944 7 70.59 6.920 5 0.996 6 PS650 215.30 28.920 1 0.879 9 120.44 8.185 2 0.997 6 表 4 不同吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附容量
Table 4. Adsorption capacity of Pb2+ on different adsorbents
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