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近年来,随着我国农村社会经济的发展和农村居民生活水平的提高,农村环境保护工作取得了长足的发展,很多农村地区相继建设了农村生活污水收集和处理系统。根据住房和城乡建设部的相关统计数据,建设有农村生活污水处理设施的行政村数量逐年上升,截至2016年,全国约有20%的行政村对农村污水进行了处理(图1)。从污水治理模式的角度来看,农村生活污水收集处理模式主要可以分为3种:纳入城镇污水管网处理、村落集中处理和分散处理[1]。除分散处理以外,纳入城镇污水管网处理和村落集中处理均需建设农村污水管网。随着农村污水治理工作的推进,我国农村地区的排水管道沟渠长度和排水建设投入逐年增加,2017年,我国农村排水管道沟渠总长达到近1.1×106 km,年度排水建设投入约3.05×1010元(图1)。由于污水管网建设成本很高(约占整个污水处理系统建设成本的70%)[2],而我国农村地区经济仍不发达,基础设施建设相对滞后,因此,许多农村排水主要采用渠道进行。农村污水治理工作在许多经济欠发达的农村地区推进缓慢,个别农村地区甚至出现了建有农村污水处理设施,但是没有配套管网的尴尬局面。另外,由于农村地区在污水管道特点和居民生活方式等方面与城市地区有一些客观差异,农村污水管道问题较为复杂,已建成污水处理系统的农村地区对于污水管道的运维工作普遍不足,带来了很多问题。
农村污水管道在运行过程中,管道堵塞问题时有发生。一般而言,农村污水管道堵塞可以大致分为淤积型堵塞和异物型堵塞2类(图2)。淤积型堵塞是指污水在管道流动过程中泥沙、有机颗粒物等悬浮物逐渐在管道底部沉积,在减小管道有效截面积的同时,增大了管壁粗糙系数,致使管道过水能力下降,最终逐渐形成的管道堵塞。异物型堵塞是指在污水管道中由于不正常的工况引入了较大的异物(湿巾、菜叶、塑料包装袋等),这些异物直接滞留在管道内,形成管道的堵塞。一般异物型堵塞会造成污水流动受阻,如果管内异物没有及时得到清理,会进一步诱发淤积型堵塞。农村污水管道在堵塞后会造成上游污水外溢、农户污水无法有效排放等问题,严重影响村民日常生活和村容村貌。另外,污水管道堵塞还会造成污水处理终端水量不足,终端实际水量明显低于设计水量,影响污水处理效果。为有效降低农村污水管道堵塞发生率,提升农村污水收集系统的效率和稳定性,本研究结合农村污水管道工程实践和理论研究,系统地分析了农村污水管道堵塞成因,并结合农村发展的实际情况,提出了相应的解决方案。本研究对于保证农村污水收集处理设施的有效运转,解决污水散排这一基本民生问题和发挥污水处理系统应有的生态环境效益具有积极的意义。
农村污水管道堵塞成因分析与解决对策
Analysis and solutions of sewer blockage in rural areas
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摘要: 农村污水管道系统是农村污水收集处理设施的重要组成部分,在采用纳入城镇污水管网处理和村落集中处理模式的农村地区发挥了重要作用。由于农村污水管道在设计、建设、运行、维护等环节存在一些问题,农村污水管道堵塞的现象时有发生。为有效降低农村污水管道堵塞发生率,保证农村污水收集系统的稳定运行,分析了农村污水管道堵塞的成因,提出了农村污水管道防堵和长效运行的建议和对策,包括优化农村污水管道管径设计、补齐管道系统配套设施、提升施工质量、强化正确的排水习惯宣传、加强科学维护管理工作和采用“三位一体”的县域统筹模式等。这些建议和对策可以有效降低农村污水管道堵塞的发生率,为提升农村卫生水平和生态环境质量提供参考。Abstract: Rural sewer system is an essential part of rural sewage collection and treatment facilities, which plays an important role in rural areas, especially in the fields of rural wastewater into urban sewers and rural centralized wastewater treatment systems. The blockage phenomenon of rural sewer occurs frequently since the potential issues during the process of design, construction, operation and maintenance of rural sewers. Therefore, in order to reduce the blockage incidence of rural sewer and ensure the stable operation of rural sewage collection system, the causes of the rural sewer blockage and corresponding suggestions was put forward in the current study, which could provide the efficient measures for the blockage prevention and long-term operation of rural sewers. In detail, optimizing the design of rural sewer diameter, complementing the supporting facilities of sewer system, improving the practical construction quality, strengthening the publicity of benign drainage habits, intensifying the scientific maintenance and management of rural sewer system, and adopting the “trinity” county mode would effectively will effectively reduce the blockage incidence of rural sewer system and take references for improving hygiene level and eco-environmental quality.
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Key words:
- rural /
- sewer /
- blockage /
- small diameter /
- supporting facility
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