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随着城市化进程的加快,我国城市污水产量不断增加,污泥产量也随之增长。截至2013年底,我国城市污泥年产量达到3.5×107 t (以含水率80%计)[1]。2016年底,全国城市污水排放量达7.1×109 t,污泥产量达4×107 t (以含水率80%计);预计到2020年,我国污泥产量将达到6×107 t[2]。急速增长的污泥产量使污泥的处理处置形势愈发严峻,污泥的减量化也变得十分重要。2015年,我国颁布的《水污染防治行动计划》[3]提出,需要推进污泥处理处置,对污水处理设施产生的污泥需要进行减量化、稳定化、无害化和资源化处理处置。其中,污泥的减量化是其进行后续处理的前提,而污泥调理和脱水是实现其减量化的关键步骤。
污泥的调理方法可分为物理法、化学法、生物法[4]。在化学法中,硫酸根自由基(
${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ )的高级氧化过程(SR-AOP)因其能够有效地降解有机物而受到越来越多的关注。ZHOU等[5]指出,${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 的氧化电位比·OH更高。ANIPSITAKIS等[6]、HUANG等[7]的研究均发现,${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 能够有效去除各种类型的顽固性污染物。${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 通常由经过活化的过一硫酸盐(PMS)或过硫酸盐(PDS)产生。徐文迪等[8]、王森等[9]发现,${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 可有效破坏污泥胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)结构,释放胞内水。KIM等[10]、HU等[11]的研究指出,${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 氧化不仅可以显著降低污泥EPS中黏液层和松散附着层(LB-EPS)的含量,而且有效地破坏了紧密附着层(TB-EPS)。LI等[12]利用ZVI激发过硫酸盐(PDS)产生${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 和·OH,发现这些自由基降低了厌氧消化污泥的表面负电荷,导致胞外聚合物(EPS)的破坏和细胞内物质的释放,并改变了蛋白质的二级结构;而且,${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 相较于·OH对污泥脱水性能的提高更有效。VOLPE等[13]、GHANBARI等[14]利用Fe0激活PMS来获得${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ ,研究指出PMS由于其键解离能和分子结构的差异,比PDS更容易被催化剂活化。SUN等[15]研究发现,Fe0在反应中活性较低,因此,采用纳米零价铁包裹在微米级的碳球(Fe0@CS)中,来激活PMS生成
${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 。但纳米零价铁在酸性条件下消耗很快,且纳米复合材料的催化稳定性较差。WANG等[16]采用原位水热碳化法制备了一种新型磁性碳包封纳米Fe0/Fe3C(Fe0/Fe3C@CS),激发PMS来降解水中苯酚。与传统的以硼氢化物盐用于液相还原来制备负载型纳米Fe0复合材料的方法相比,这种新型的水热法制备过程简单,且成本低廉。该材料中由于存在Fe3C,使得所合成的磁性碳包裹的纳米Fe0/Fe3C催化剂的稳定性比Fe0@CS更高。在处理含苯酚废水时,由于被碳球包裹,可以使材料更好地分布在水中,与纳米零价铁相比,增加了与PMS的反应效率。并且在非均相PMS活化过程中不仅产生${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ ,还可以产生具有强氧化性的·OH,因此,Fe0/Fe3C@CS激发PMS可以替代产生单一自由基的传统均相芬顿反应。尽管Fe0/Fe3C@CS激发PMS产生自由基在水中有机物的氧化降解方面具有技术优势,但该方法在污泥调理方面的效果尚未得到评价。本研究以污水处理厂回流污泥为研究对象,通过改进的水热法合成Fe0/Fe3C@CS,利用Fe0/Fe3C@CS活化PMS改善污泥的脱水性能,通过单因素变量法确定调理的最佳投药量,分析调理前后污泥脱水性能的差异以及污泥EPS中典型有机物分布和浓度的变化特征。
Fe0/Fe3C@CS激发PMS调理对活性污泥脱水性能的影响
Effect of conditioning with Fe0/Fe3C@CS activating PMS on activated sludge dewaterability
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摘要: 为研究Fe0/Fe3C@CS激发过一硫酸盐(PMS)调理对活性污泥脱水性的影响,采用单因子实验法确定了调理的最佳投药量以及该投药量下调理前后污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)中有机物含量及分布变化。结果表明:当Fe0/Fe3C@CS与PMS投加量分别为35.9 mg·g−1(以TSS计)和0.43 g·g−1(以TSS计)时,污泥的抽滤含水率下降至69.45%;调理过程对污泥紧密附着(TB-EPS)与松散附着层(LB-EPS)有破解作用,部分多糖和蛋白质迁移至黏液层,使得黏液层多糖和蛋白质的含量分别从0.12 g·g−1、2.9 mg·g−1升高至0.15 g·g−1、7.75 mg·g−1。腐殖酸从细胞相被释放至TB-EPS和LB-EPS中,其中TB-EPS腐殖酸含量由1.51 mg·g−1升高至3.09 mg·g−1。此外,调理后LB-EPS和TB-EPS中的酪氨酸和微生物副产物被降解或迁移至黏液层,污泥EPS中总荧光强度由调理前的760.26×107 AU·nm2降低至调理后的38.43×107 AU·nm2,其中,LB-EPS的总荧光强度降至0.344 2×107 AU·nm2,有利于污泥脱水性能的提高。调理后各典型有机物的荧光强度占比变化不同,其中酪氨酸的占比增加,而微生物副产物的占比下降。Fe0/Fe3C@CS激发PMS调理可有效提高活性污泥的脱水性能。
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关键词:
- 活性污泥 /
- 污泥调理 /
- Fe0/ Fe3C@CS /
- 过一硫酸盐(PMS) /
- 污泥脱水性 /
- 胞外聚合物(EPS)
Abstract: In order to study the effect of conditioning with Fe0/Fe3C@CS activating persulfate (PMS) on the dewaterability of activated sludge, the single factor test was used to determine the optimum dosage of conditioning, and the changes of organic matter concentration and distribution in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) before and after conditioning. The results showed that at Fe0/Fe3C@CS dosage of 35.9 mg·g−1 (TSS) and PMS dosage of 0.43 g·g−1 (TSS), the filtered water content of activated sludge decreased to 69.45%. Due to the disruption effect of the conditioning process on the tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) and loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), some polysaccharides and proteins migrated to slime layer of EPS, their contents in slime increased from 0.12 g·g−1 and 2.9 mg·g−1 to 0.15 g·g−1 and 7.75 mg·g−1, respectively. Humic acid released from the cell phase into TB-EPS and LB-EPS, and humic acid content in TB-EPS increased from 1.51 mg·g−1 to 3.09 mg·g−1. In addition, after sludge conditioning, tyrosine and soluble microbial byproduct-like materials in LB-EPS and TB-EPS were degraded or migrated to slime layer, the total fluorescence intensity of EPS decreased from 760.26×107 AU·nm2 before conditioning to 38.43×107 AU·nm2 after conditioning. Of which the total fluorescence intensity of LB-EPS decreased to 0.344 2×107 AU·nm2, which was beneficial to sludge dewaterability improvement. The percent fluorescence response of each typical organic substance after conditioning showed different variations, the percent fluorescence response of tyrosine increased, while the percent fluorescence response of soluble microbial byproduct-like materials decreased. Conditioning with Fe0/Fe3C@CS activating persulfate (PMS) could effectively improve the dewaterability of activated sludge. -
表 1 原始活性污泥的理化性质
Table 1. Physicochemical properties of raw activated sludge
污泥批次 含水率/% pH TSS/(g·L−1) 电导率/(mS·cm−1) CST/s Zeta电位/mV 1 97.47±0.012 7.08±0.01 25.6±0.18 1.39±0.02 38.6±1.28 −8.37±0.28 2 97.22±0.006 6.93±0.01 22.3±0.07 1.49±0.03 23.5±0.7 −9.13±0.59 -
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