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随着社会的不断发展,人们对于饮用水水质日益关注,饮用水水质标准也日益严格。传统的饮用水处理工艺已经不能完全达到标准。超滤膜作为一种新型水处理工艺,凭借其占地面积少、出水水质稳定等优点,逐渐被广泛运用于饮用水处理过程中[1-2]。原水中微生物、胶体物质、溶剂大分子可在膜表面和膜孔内沉积、吸附,从而造成膜通量下降的现象[3-6],即为膜污染。过滤一旦开始,膜污染就产生,因此膜污染是无法避免的。
已有研究[7-8]表明,膜污染成为了膜技术发展过程中最主要的制约因素。膜污染使得膜技术在实际运用中出水水质和产水率降低的同时,导致基建、操作、膜清洗等费用的增加[9]。常见的针对膜污染的预防和解决方式通常包含加强膜前预处理、优化操作工艺、对膜污染的清洗以及寻找并研发新型抗污染能力强的新型膜材料和膜组件等。
对污染膜进行清洗是使用较多且较便捷的方式。通过物理清洗和化学清洗可减轻膜污染问题,进而恢复膜的过滤性能[10]。LIANG等[11]在对含藻废水的超滤膜进行化学清洗后发现,与单一清洗剂相比,NaOH和NaClO混合液清洗剂清洗效果更好。MA等[12]将化学清洗与PVDF膜表面改性相结合,提高了膜通量的恢复效果。因此,研究膜污染的化学清洗对超滤工艺的实际运用具有重要意义。
本研究针对江苏某自来水厂的膜污染情况,利用HCl溶液、NaOH溶液对污染膜进行化学清洗。通过对洗脱液的有机化学指标、物质组分、金属离子浓度以及清洗前后膜表面特性的分析,分析膜污染状况并选择适合的清洗剂及其pH条件,以期能寻找出有效的清洗药剂和清洗方法,并应用到实际工程案例中,为解决水厂膜污染问题提供参考。
某自来水厂超滤膜污染物成分及化学清洗效果案例分析
Case analysis of foulant component on ultrafiltraion membrane and its chemical cleaning effect in a drinking water plant
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摘要: 以江苏某自来水厂混凝-超滤工艺中PVC中空纤维超滤膜为对象,采用2种化学清洗剂HCl溶液、NaOH溶液对污染膜进行了化学清洗,分析洗脱液成分以确定膜污染的构成,并考察不同清洗剂在实际工程中的应用效果。通过ICP-OES、EEM、TOC分析仪对污染膜洗脱液进行了成分分析,同时采用SEM和ATR-FTIR对清洗前后的膜表面形貌及表面官能团进行表征。结果表明,膜污染物不仅包含蛋白类、多糖类和腐殖酸的有机污染物,还包含以Ca、Mg、Si、Fe元素为主的无机污染物。NaOH溶液除了能够洗脱更多的有机物,还可以有效地去除硅。而HCl溶液则对大分子有机物、疏水性有机物以及Ca、Mg、Fe有较好的清洗效果。HCl溶液的pH越低,或者NaOH溶液的pH越高,清洗效果越好。在工程实际清洗过程中,采用先酸后碱的组合方式,能够获得较高的膜通量。Abstract: In this study, PVC hollow-fiber membrane used in coagulation-ultrafiltration process of a drinking water plant in Jiangsu was taken as a research object. Two types of chemical cleaning reagents: HCl and NaOH solutions, were used to clean the fouled membrane. Then the eluants were determined to confirm the components in the membrane foulants, and the effect of the chemical cleaning reagents was investigated in actual application. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and TOC analyzer were used to analyze the components of the fouled membrane eluates. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) were used to characterize the membrane surface morphology and functional groups before and after chemical cleaning. The results showed that membrane foulants contained not only organic matters of proteins, polysaccharides and humic acid, but also the main inorganics with Ca, Mg, Si, Fe elements. NaOH solution could clean more organic matters and effectively remove silicon, while HCl had a better cleaning effect on macromolecular organics, hydrophobic organics and inorganics including Ca, Mg, Fe. HCl solution with lower pH and NaOH solution with higher pH had better cleaning effects. In actual application, acid cleaning followed by alkali cleaning can obtain a high flux.
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Key words:
- ultrafiltration process /
- membrane fouling /
- chemical cleaning
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表 1 洗脱液有机化学指标
Table 1. Organic chemical parameters of the eluants
清洗剂 pH DOC/(mg·L−1) UV254/cm−1 SUVA/(L·(cm·mg)−1) HCl 1.5 0.287 0.001 0.348 HCl 2.0 0.160 0.017 10.638 HCl 2.5 0.075 0.008 10.681 NaOH 11.5 0.610 0.001 0.164 NaOH 12.0 0.810 0.002 0.247 NaOH 12.5 1.794 0.010 0.557 表 2 洗脱液金属离子浓度
Table 2. Metal ion concentration in eluates
清洗剂 pH Ca/(mg·L−1) Mg/(mg·L−1) Al/(mg·L−1) Si/(mg·L−1) Fe/(mg·L−1) Mn/(mg·L−1) HCl 1.5 0.849 0.357 0.007 0.513 0.447 0.029 HCl 2.0 0.956 0.387 — 0.468 0.174 0.016 HCl 2.5 1.008 0.329 — 0.395 0.107 0.013 NaOH 11.5 0.227 0.118 0.006 0.435 0.048 — NaOH 12.0 0.200 0.180 0.033 1.306 0.060 — NaOH 12.5 0.337 0.269 0.036 2.061 0.084 — -
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