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近年来,在污染场地修复领域,原位修复技术的应用所占比例逐年增加[1]。其中原位热脱附技术由于具有无须开挖、转运土方以及污染物去除彻底的优势而被应用到越来越多的污染场地治理中[2-5]。原位热脱附技术是一种通过加热土壤促使污染物挥发并对其进行集中处理的土壤修复方法[6],依据加热方式的不同,常用的原位热脱附方法包括热传导、电阻加热以及蒸汽加热3种类型,其中热传导方法包括电加热热传导与燃气加热热传导[7-9]。原位热脱附技术对污染物的去除率非常高,它可以有效地应用于非均相和低渗透性的土壤中[10]。截至目前,国内应用此技术的工程项目及中试案例已达20余例。但原位热脱附技术也存在能耗大、修复成本高的问题[7,11],如上海市某有机污染场地开展的原位热脱附中试结果显示,使用该技术修复成本为2 000~2 800 元·m−3[8]。对于水文地质条件复杂与地下存在空洞、空腔情况的大型污染场地,在应用过程中单一使用原位热脱附技术热损失较大[7,12]。
目前,不同修复技术手段的组合应用逐渐成为主流[6,9-14],尤其是针对大型复杂污染场地的不同地块、不同分层、不同介质(污染土壤与地下水)或者修复的不同阶段,往往采取多种技术手段[11-20]进行修复。原位化学氧化是向土壤或地下水的污染区域注入氧化剂,通过氧化作用促使污染物转化为无毒或者毒性较小的物质[21];原位生物修复是指通过建设注入井等方式向土壤中供给空气、氧气、营养液或者高效降解菌,依靠微生物的代谢活动促进污染物的降解[22-23]。与原位热脱附技术相比,原位化学氧化与微生物降解是应用较早且较多的传统土壤修复方法[24-29],原位化学氧化方法通常具有处理成本低的优势,但不适宜于黏性介质以及有机质含量高的污染土壤,主要原因是存在污染反弹、对污染物去除不彻底[27,30-31]以及药剂消耗量大等问题[11,32],同时对于低渗透性介质(如黏土),很难通过原位注射使氧化剂与地下环境中的污染物有效接触[6,30,32]。另外,化学氧化将土壤中污染物修复至背景值或者使其浓度降至极低的情况,这可能在技术和经济方面代价较大,还可能造成含水层化学性质的改变以及由于孔隙中的矿物沉淀而造成含水层的堵塞[10]。微生物技术是一种很有应用前景的绿色可持续污染场地修复方法[33-34],尤其是针对石油烃污染的场地[35-36]。但是该方法也存在修复周期长以及在某些复杂环境条件下难以适用的缺点[10,32]。蒸汽强化气相抽提利用蒸汽作为热源加热土壤,促进有机污染物的解吸,同时联合气相抽提技术,实现对土壤污染物的去除,该方法适用于处理渗透性好的污染场地中有机污染物的去除[19,37],甚至适用于地下水流速较大的场地,但不适用于渗透性差的夹层污染土壤的修复[11]。
综上所述,单一的原位热脱附、原位化学氧化与微生物降解等土壤修复技术各有利弊。氧化剂的活性直接影响原位化学氧化技术的修复效果,而加热处理可以增强某些氧化剂(如过硫酸盐类)的活性,从而增强其对污染物的削减;环境温度是影响微生物活动的重要因素,适度的升温处理可以提高微生物的降解性能。由于热传导原位热脱附技术的普适性(最高加热温度可达750~800 ℃),因此,利用蒸汽强化气相抽提难以去除的吸附于顽固介质中的污染物,原位热传导热脱附即为一种很好的处理方法[38-41]。以上热处理的优势为原位热脱附技术与其他技术的耦合提供了可行性,并且不同处理技术之间的耦合作用可以提高处理效率,实现优势互补,也为降低综合能耗与修复成本提供了潜在的可能性。因此,与单一高耗能的原位热脱附技术相比,研究化学氧化、微生物降解以及其他加热方式与原位热脱附技术的耦合作用具有非常重要的现实意义。
污染场地修复中原位热脱附技术与其他相关技术耦合联用的意义、效果及展望
Significance, effects and prospect of in-situ thermal desorption coupled with other related technologies in the contaminated site remediation
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摘要: 在有机污染场地修复过程中,原位热脱附技术因具有土方不开挖、不转运、对周围环境干扰小以及污染物去除彻底等诸多优势,故其应用范围逐渐增多。但该技术也存在修复施工成本相对较高的弊端,且此弊端主要是由于采用单一热脱附技术能耗很高的原因造成的。原位热脱附技术与化学氧化、微生物降解以及蒸汽注射等手段的耦合可以很好地弥补这一不足,尤其是针对大型的复杂有机污染场地。针对目前原位热脱附技术在应用过程中存在的主要问题,在分析了国内外大量相关研究与案例的基础上,梳理了原位热脱附与化学氧化、微生物降解及其他原位热处理等技术耦合的应用情况,提出了原位热脱附耦合技术的工程应用建议。Abstract: The technology of in-situ thermal desorption (ISTD) has been gradually applied on the remediation of contaminated sites due to its special advantages of no-excavation, no-transportation, less environmental disturbance and complete organic pollutants removal. However, it has an obvious disadvantage of the relatively high cost of remediation and construction due to high energy consumption of the single thermal desorption technology. ISTD coupled with other remediation technologies like chemical oxidation, microbial degradation and steam injection could make up for this disadvantage, especially for the large and complex contaminated site. Aiming at the main problems in the application of ISTD technology, the application status of ISTD coupled with chemical oxidation, biodegradation and other thermal technologies was introduced in this review. At the same time, the engineering application and research direction of ISTD coupled with other technologies are proposed.
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Key words:
- contaminated site /
- in-situ thermal desorption /
- chemical oxidation /
- biodegradation /
- steam injection
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