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随着工业的迅速发展、人口的增长和城市化进程的加快,水资源短缺、环境污染和生态恶化已成为世界性问题[1-3]。充足的水供应和可持续发展的能源变得越来越重要,正渗透(FO)技术已经成为缓解水和能源短缺的潜在技术之一[2-4]。近年来,膜生物反应器(MBR)联合正渗透(FO)工艺在废水处理和回收领域受到越来越多的关注[4-5]。正渗透膜生物反应器(OMBR)能从反应器内的混合液体(污染水源)中提取净水,以达到缓解水资源紧缺的目的。
最近,在OMBR的研究应用上也存在一些制约其发展的问题,如水通量低、反应器内盐积累和汲取液回收成本高等[3, 6-8]。汲取液的选择是OMBR工艺过程的关键因素,选择带电荷离子和低分子质量的汲取溶液可以产生高渗透压,从而得到较高的水通量[9]。如NaCl,其溶解度高,毒性小,在FO工艺中作为汲取液被广泛应用,而采用脱盐再浓缩工艺对其回收,其过程也较为容易;然而,NaCl回收过程中的高耗能仍然是制约FO发展的关键[7]。有研究采用化肥作为OMBR工艺的汲取液以解决汲取液回收成本高的难题[10-11]。稀释后的化肥溶液可以直接用于农业灌溉而不需要回收工艺,从而减少工艺设备和能耗。一个需要考虑的问题是反向盐通量对生物反应器内活性污泥的影响。反向盐通量不仅会降低渗透驱动力,还会因为生物反应器中高浓度盐含量而抑制微生物活性[12-14]。针对OMBR工艺过程中盐累积的挑战,研究者们提出了几种方法:污泥定期排放;将MF或UF工艺与OMBR结合排放生物反应器中的无机盐等[15-18];另一种创新的方法是使用可被生物降解的汲取液以缓解反应器中盐的积累[9, 12, 19]。在选择OMBR体系的有机盐汲取液时,需要考虑2个因素。第1个因素是分子尺寸太大的汲取液对渗透压和反应器内生物降解能力都有不利影响,因此,本研究选择尺寸较小的有机碳链乙酸作为汲取液的阴离子[9, 20]。除此之外,乙酸还能有效提高植物对氮肥的吸收[21]。第2个因素是溶液中应含有植物营养元素(如N、K),这样组合的有机盐可以直接与已有研究测试过的无机盐或有机盐汲取液[22-24]进行比较。选择铵(NH3)、钾(K)和钠(Na)作为汲取液的阳离子,这3种阳离子与乙酸盐阴离子的结合可以得到3种有机离子盐溶液:乙酸铵(NH4C2H3O2)、乙酸钠(NaC2H3O2)和乙酸钾(KC2H3O2)。因此,选择硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4)、氯化钠(NaCl)和氯化钾(KCl)作为其对应无机离子进行对比实验。
本研究的目的是评价有机离子盐作为正渗透反应器汲取液的可行性。首先,通过测定FO水通量和反向盐通量探究了不同汲取液以去离子水为料液的FO实验效果;随后,通过比较OMBR水通量、反应器内盐含量、有机物的降解和膜污染方面的差异性,评价其在OMBR工艺中的性能并为正渗透生物反应器的实际应用提供参考。
基于乙酸根离子的有机化肥作为正渗透膜反应器的汲取液缓解反应器中的盐积累
Ionic organic acetate-based fertilizers as draw solutions to relieve salt accumulation in forward osmosis membrane bioreactor
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摘要: 为解决正渗透膜反应器中盐积累的问题,选取乙酸铵(NH4C2H3O2)、乙酸钠(NaC2H3O2)和乙酸钾(KC2H3O2) 3种基于乙酸根离子的有机化肥作为正渗透膜反应器的汲取液,并将其与硫酸铵((NH4)2SO4)、氯化钠(NaCl)和氯化钾(KCl) 3种其对应无机离子汲取液的正渗透(FO)工艺性能和正渗透膜生物反应器(OMBR)工艺性能进行比较。通过工艺水通量和盐含量的测定,生物反应器内COD、铵态氮和硝态氮含量的测定,污染后膜表面的SEM分析,评价了基于乙酸根离子的有机化肥作为正渗透膜反应器的汲取液对反应器内盐积累和膜污染的影响。结果表明:在FO工艺中,乙酸铵、乙酸钠和乙酸钾在0.6 mol·L−1浓度下的平均水通量分别为10.30、11.07和12.73 L·(m2·h)−1,低于其对应的无机离子汲取液的水通量;在OMBR工艺中,乙酸铵、乙酸钠和乙酸钾有机化肥作为汲取液可以显著减缓反应器内盐度的积累。此外,当基于乙酸根离子的有机化肥作为正渗透膜反应器的汲取液时,生物反应器中微生物的生物活性更高,虽然这更容易造成膜污染,但可以有效地去除有机物和氮磷营养物质。研究可为正渗透生物反应器的实际应用提供参考。Abstract: To solve the problem of salt accumulation in the forward osmosis membrane bioreactor, the performances of forward osmosis (FO) and osmosis membrane bio-reactor (OMBR) with three ionic organic draw solutes, ammonium acetate (NH4C2H3O2), sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2) and potassium acetate (KC2H3O2) were investigated in this study, which were also compared with those of FO and OMBR with three inorganic draw solutes: ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl). Water flux and salt concentration were measured for comparing the performance of the different draw solutes, COD, ammonium and nitrate concentration were measured to evaluate the biodegradability in the bioreactor. The fouled membrane surface was analyzed by SEM. Results show that the average water fluxes of FO were 10.30, 11.07 and 12.73 L·(m2·h)−1 at 0.6 mol·L−1 concentration ammonium acetate, sodium acetate and potassium acetate, respectively, which were lower than those with the inorganic draw solutes. In OMBR process, the ionic organic draw solution could significantly reduce salt accumulation. In addition, when organic fertilizer based on acetate-based ions was used as the draw solution, the biological activity of microorganisms was higher than inorganic fertilizer draw solution, the former could lead to effective removal of organics and nutrients by OMBR though it was easier to form membrane fouling. This study can provide a reference for OMBR practical application.
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