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中国是传统的农业生产大国,每年水稻秸秆产量十分巨大[1]。近年来,水稻秸秆作为一种重要的生物质资源,受到越来越多的关注。目前,中国大部分地区对农作物秸秆常见的处理方式为粉碎还田、就地焚烧、或与畜禽粪便沤肥等。但这些做法不仅使土壤板结、肥力下降、微生态环境遭到破坏,还容易造成生物质能源的浪费和大气环境的污染[1-2]。与常见的处理方式相比,厌氧消化是水稻秸秆资源化利用的有效方法[3],其不仅能产生清洁能源进行资源化利用,而且发酵产生的沼渣沼液含有大量氮、磷、钾等元素,是很好的有机肥料,可用于农业生产,综合效益显著。但是,水稻秸秆中含有大量的木质纤维素成分,其难降解特性显著限制了水稻秸秆的利用效率[4]。
为了更好地利用水稻秸秆,研究者们从各个角度进行了广泛的研究。有的研究[5]使用不同预处理方式来改善水稻秸秆中木质纤维素的水解情况。虽然预处理方式可以提高水稻秸秆的水解效率,但是也出现了很多不可避免的问题,如预处理成本较高、易形成二次污染等,在实际应用中很难推广[6]。ZHANG等[7]的研究表明,在使用瘤胃液预处理水稻秸秆后,进行30 d厌氧消化,累积甲烷产量可以达到285.10 mL·g−1(以VS计);但是,这种通过过滤分离预处理后的产物、再进一步应用于随后的产甲烷过程的方式,规模化运用成本很高。为了解决这个问题,可以采用将微生物接种到厌氧消化系统中来强化木质纤维素的水解过程。SHI等[8]的研究表明,通过接种沼渣,玉米秸秆厌氧消化系统累积甲烷产量可以达到103 L·kg−1(以VS计),然而其挥发性固体(VS)的转化效率仅为23%。同时,在间歇式反应器中,使用瘤胃微生物在25~40 ℃下孵育240 h后,玉米秸秆的转化效率可以达到65%~70%[9]。显然,与其他接种物相比,瘤胃微生物是强化木质纤维素降解中更合理的接种物,这是因为其具有高质量的木质纤维素水解细菌,如Fibrobacter,succinogenes,Ruminococcus等 [10-11]。
通过共接种厌氧污泥能够解决瘤胃中产甲烷菌含量较少的问题;然而,在批次实验中,直接利用水稻秸秆来测试共接种瘤胃内容物和厌氧污泥的厌氧消化系统的产甲烷潜力,得到的沼气中的甲烷含量很低,仅为32%~44%[11]。本研究为中试规模的连续式厌氧消化系统,采用瘤胃微生物群和厌氧污泥共同接种的方式,强化了底物的利用率,并通过逐步提升底物有机负荷的方式分析了水稻秸秆的降解和转化规律,确定了本厌氧消化系统最佳的有机负荷率。
共接种瘤胃微生物和厌氧污泥的水稻秸秆中试厌氧消化系统性能评估
Performance evaluation on a pilot-scale anaerobic digestion system of rice straw with co-inoculating ruminal microbiota and anaerobic sludge
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摘要: 针对富含木质纤维素底物利用效率低的问题,通过在中试厌氧消化系统中共接种瘤胃微生物和厌氧污泥来改善水稻秸秆中木质纤维素的水解,采用逐步提升底物有机负荷(OLR)的方式,评估了接种后水稻秸秆的厌氧消化效率。结果表明,在反应体系底物有机负荷达到4.26 g·(L·d)−1(以VS计)时,系统表现出最佳的厌氧消化性能,此时沼气产率为528 mL·g−1 (以VS计),甲烷产率为287 mL·g−1,容积沼气生产强度达到2.20 L·(L·d)−1。在反应器有机负荷从1.05 g·(L·d)−1提升到4.26 g·(L·d)−1的运行过程中,系统的纤维素降解率稳定在(71 ± 2)%,半纤维素降解率稳定在(92 ± 4)%,木质素降解率稳定在(15 ± 3)%。这种稳定性表明反应器的连续运行成功地形成了高效的木质纤维素降解体系,结果可为实际规模化应用提供参考。
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关键词:
- 水稻秸秆 /
- 厌氧消化 /
- 有机负荷 (OLR) /
- 木质纤维素 /
- 降解
Abstract: In order to overcome the low bioavailability of lignocellulosic biomass, the hydrolysis of rice straw was enhanced by co-inoculating ruminal microbiota and anaerobic sludge in a pilot-scale anaerobic reactor, and the digestion efficiency was evaluated by gradually increasing organic load rate (OLR). The optimal fermentation performance was obtained at the OLR of 4.26 g·(L·d)−1 (calculated in VS), where the biogas yield, methane yield and volumetric biogas productivity reached 528 mL·g−1 (calculated in VS), 287 mL·g−1 and 2.20 L·(L·d)−1, respectively. With the increase of OLR from 1.05 g·(L·d)−1 to 4.26 g·(L·d)−1, the degradation efficiencies of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin was maintained at (71 ± 2)%, (92 ± 4)% and (15 ± 3)%, respectively. The operational stability indicated that a highly efficient lignocellulose degradation system was successfully established by the continuous reactor operation, providing a theoretical basis for the practical scale-up application.-
Key words:
- rice straw /
- anaerobic digestion /
- organic loading rate (OLR) /
- lignocellulose /
- degradation
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表 1 底物和接种物的性质
Table 1. Characteristic of the substrate and inoculum
材料 TS/% 1) VS/% 1) VS/TS/% 碳氮比 蛋白质/% 2) 纤维素/% 2) 半纤维素/% 2) 木质素/% 2) 秸秆 91.51±0.34 81.98±0.26 89.59±0.62 33.97±0.42 5.25±0.54 36.93±0.65 24.52±0.33 4.63±0.17 瘤胃内容物 15.15±0.21 12.13±0.12 80.06±1.90 12.48±0.41 NA NA NA NA 厌氧污泥 13.91±0.32 6.91±0.17 49.68±2.37 7.36±0.27 NA NA NA NA 注:TS为总固体;VS为挥发性固体;NA表示未分析;1)占湿物料的比例;2)占干物料的比例。 表 2 半连续式厌氧消化系统各阶段的运行参数
Table 2. Operation parameters of each stage on semi-continuous anaerobic digestion system
运行
阶段进料量/
(g·d−1)有机负荷/
(g·(L·d)−1)停留
时间/dH1 250 1.05 760 H2 350 1.47 542 H3 500 2.21 380 H4 650 2.86 292 H5 800 3.46 237 H6 1 000 4.26 190 H7 1 200 5.12 158 -
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