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随着我国经济快速发展,污泥和餐厨垃圾导致的环境问题日益突出。湿污泥年产量预计2020年将突破6×107 t[1];而餐厨垃圾目前产生量仅次于建筑垃圾,已成为第二大垃圾产生源[2]。但另一方面,污泥及餐厨垃圾有机质含量高,适合进行资源化处理[3]。餐厨垃圾碳水化合物丰富,具有较高的生物可降解性,但因其C/N过高,极易酸化,餐厨垃圾单独发酵面临一定困难;污泥富含蛋白质和微生物,但由于其C/N较低且多为不可溶有机物,单独发酵效果不佳。基于二者性质互补的特点,往往将其进行联合发酵[4]。
污泥和新鲜餐厨垃圾本身有机质含量高,且含有较多细菌[5-6],其自身性质在存放过程中会发生一定变化,因此,如何适当保存是值得关注的问题。目前,研究人员对于如何保存污泥和餐厨垃圾已做了一些研究。李佳佳[7]发现低温7 ℃对浓缩污泥中酸化菌和产甲烷古菌的代谢活性保存效果最佳。关于厌氧氨氧化污泥和好氧颗粒污泥的储存研究则较多,主要集中在不同保存温度和保存时间对其活性以及再活化性能的影响[8-16]。相关研究结果均表明,低温冷藏(4~5 ℃)是保持污泥活性的较佳条件,并且再次活化后胞外聚合物均能恢复到贮存前水平。CASTRO等[17]发现,室温和4 ℃冷藏比-20 ℃冷冻和冷冻干燥能更好地保护厌氧污泥的产甲烷活性。由此可见,有关污泥保存的研究多集中于探究保存条件对污泥活性以及恢复后活性的影响,而没有从理化性质角度探究温度和时间对污泥保存的影响。关于餐厨垃圾的保存,ZHANG等[18]主要讨论了乳酸菌的生物防腐对餐厨垃圾腐败的抑制效果。刘晓英[19]对比了各个季度餐厨垃圾的性质变化,但研究重点是各季度餐厨垃圾在理化指标方面的差别,并未涉及保存条件对各季度餐厨垃圾性质的影响。因此,对污泥和餐厨垃圾在保存过程中本身理化性质的变化研究尚少。
本研究探讨了污泥和餐厨垃圾自身理化性质随保存时间的变化情况,考虑到夏季和冬季环境温度差异较大,将污泥和餐厨垃圾分为夏季取样和冬季取样,考察了各样品在不同保存温度下基质指标的变化,为污泥和餐厨垃圾资源化研究及利用提供依据。
温度及时间对污泥和餐厨垃圾保存特性的影响
Effects of temperature and time on the storage characteristics of sludge and food waste
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摘要: 为确定污泥和餐厨垃圾在不同条件下的保存期限,以夏、冬季取样的污泥和餐厨垃圾为研究对象,考察了其在4、20、和35 ℃条件下自身理化性质随保存时间的变化情况。通过总糖、总蛋白质、NH3-N、pH和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)等理化指标和乳酸、乙酸等有机酸的变化规律确定其最佳保存期限。结果表明,在污泥保存过程中,总糖、总蛋白质表现为下降趋势,NH3-N和pH则持续上升,整体表现为随着保存温度的升高,总糖、总蛋白质、NH3-N和pH的上升和下降趋势更加明显;餐厨垃圾在各保存条件下均出现明显的变质酸化现象,其中,乳酸为最主要有机酸。冬季和夏季取样污泥在4 ℃环境中分别可以保存30 d和15 d;对于餐厨垃圾,冬季取样时可在4 ℃环境中保存1 d,而在其他情况下均达不到理想的保存效果。Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the storage time of sludge and kitchen waste under different situations. For the samples of sludge and kitchen waste taken in summer and winter, the variations of their physiochemical properties and storage time at 4, 20 and 35 ℃ were investigated. Several physical or chemical indicators, such as total carbohydrate, total protein, NH3-N, TVFA, and organic acids, such as lactic acid and acetic acid, were employed here to determine the optimal storage period. The results showed that for the sludge, the total carbohydrate and total protein presented a downward trend during the storage process, while NH3-N and pH increased continuously. The overall performance changed sharply with the increase of storage temperature. The kitchen waste showed obvious deterioration and acidification in any case, of which lactic acid was the primary component of organic acid. The sludge samples can be stored in 4 ℃ for 30 days and 15 days in winter and summer, respectively. The kitchen waste sampled in winter could be stored at 4 ℃ for only 1 day, and could not be obtained an ideal storage result at any other cases.
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Key words:
- sludge /
- food waste /
- storage /
- stability
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