草甘膦的水生生物水质基准及其生态风险评估
Water Quality Criteria Derivation and Ecological Risk Assessment for Glyphosate
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摘要: 草甘膦是一种高效且广谱的除草剂，具有高效、低残留、低污染等特点，在我国广泛且大量使用，主要经地表径流和土壤渗透等不同途径进入水环境。当水环境草甘膦浓度过高时，会使水生生物的生理系统紊乱，甚至会导致生物死亡。本文以草甘膦为研究对象，结合国内外淡水水生生物组成特征，筛选中英文文献中生物毒性实验数据，共获取29个急性毒性数据和13个慢性毒性数据，分别涵盖5门16科29种和3门8科13种。应用毒性百分数排序法(TPR)和物种敏感度分布法(SSD)推导草甘膦的水质基准值，以及应用商值法评价国内外各地水体中草甘膦的生态风险。结果显示，草甘膦的基准最大浓度(CMC)、基准连续浓度(CCC)、短期基准值(SWQC)和长期基准值(LWQC)分别为0.12、0.035、0.14和0.007 mg·L-1。风险表征结果显示，我国江苏省南京市太湖地表水中的草甘膦浓度最高，高达52 mg·L-1 ，国内外仅7.69%的水体为急性高风险水体，15.38%的水体为慢性高风险水体。上述研究结果可为草甘膦的水质标准制定和区域管理对策实施提供科学依据。Abstract: As a high-effective and broad-spectrum herbicide with high potency and low residue, glyphosate is widely used in agricultural industry throughout the world. It enters the aquatic environment through various pathways such as surface runoff and soil infiltration. Glyphosate at high concentrations can disrupt the physiological systems of numerous aquatic species with severe toxicity including mortality. In this study, the toxicity data of glyphosate was screened from open literature, including 29 acute values covering 5 families and 16 phyla and 13 chronic values covering 3 families and 8 phyla. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD), toxicity percentage ranking (TPR) and risk quotient (RQ) methods were adopted to derive water quality criteria (WQC) and assess the ecological risk. The results showed that the criteria maximum concentration (CMC), criteria continuous concentration (CCC), short-term water quality criterion (SWQC) and long-term water quality criterion (LWQC) of glyphosate were 0.12, 0.035, 0.14 and 0.007 mg·L-1 , respectively. The highest concentration of glyphosate was recorded in surface water of Taihu Lake in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province at 52 mg·L-1. The risk assessment showed that 7.69% of the water bodies in the world are at acute high level and 15.38% are at chronic high level. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for water quality standard formulation and water pollution control for glyphosate.
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