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为贯彻落实党中央、国务院关于深入打好污染防治攻坚战的决策部署,巩固深化渤海综合治理成果,2022年1月生态环境部协七部门联合印发《重点海域综合治理攻坚战行动方案》,将重点海域综合治理攻坚战列入“十四五”深入打好污染防治攻坚战的标志性战役之一[1]. 入海河流水质改善是渤海综合治理攻坚战的一项重要任务,也是实施陆海污染防治的重要抓手. 总氮作为陆海统筹协同治污的关键指标,对近岸海域水质影响显著[2]. 近年来,入海河流总氮削减已成为近岸海域水质改善的关键[3],国家、省、市针对入海河流均提出消劣及总氮控制目标. 就眼下,环渤海区域入海河流总氮超标已成为重要的环境挑战[4 − 5],各地区所属河流总氮管控亟需引起重视.
沧州被誉为“九河下梢”之地,市内多条入海河流,水污染防治任务艰巨. 近些年沧州力争实现近岸海域和入海河流水质全面提升[6],相继出台了《沧州市渤海综合治理攻坚战实施方案》、《沧州市消除劣V类河流攻坚行动方案》等政策[7],虽已取得一定成效,但生态环境保护工作仍面临艰巨考验:近岸海域水质波动明显,入海河流水质尚不稳定,陆源入海污染物总量较大,海洋环境污染形势依然严峻[8]. 南排河流经沧州市南部地区,不仅为沧州农业灌溉提供了重要资源,还起到了生态保护和经济发展推动作用. 作为渤海攻坚计划国控河流之一,南排河水资源和生态环境的保护与管理是沧州市可持续发展的重要任务. 《沧州市海洋生态环境保护“十四五”规划》对南排河水体总氮浓度提出明确要求:2025年底前,南排河入海断面(朱庄闸)总氮浓度相较2020年保持负增长. 近年来南排河面临着前所未有的压力和挑战,数据显示2021年10月至次年3月入海断面(朱庄闸)在连续6个月总氮浓度超标后出现断流,水质差、流量小是影响南排河水环境质量的主要因素[9]. 目前针对南排河流域的研究大多集中在对其进行河流生态环境进行健康评估以及水质评价分析,而针对南排河流域总氮污染的溯源分析工作尚待推进. 例如王景豪等[10]在2021年利用分级指标法及主观加权法对南排河的健康状况进行了诊断,结果表明河流健康状况为亚健康,同时建议控制入河排污量以缓解河流的严重污染状况. 王薇等[11]在2019年针对南排河、北排河等河流进行水质分析时发现总氮(TN)是该典型城市河流超标最为严重的水质指标之一,与《市水污染防治工作方案》要求的水质标准之间差距较大. 入海河流总氮与农业面源、农村污水、畜禽养殖等因素密切相关,与河流水文节律变化也有一定关系,目前不同因素对流域总氮指标的贡献以及针对性控制措施尚未明晰[12],下一步整改工作的实施仍有较大困难.
为科学系统认知南排河总氮状况及污染来源,并提出行之有效的措施,按照国家精准治污、科学治污、依法治污的要求[13],亟需对沧州市南排河流域尺度的总氮污染精准溯源、识别主要问题、基于问题提出管控建议,进而科学完善地解决南排河总氮污染问题. 本文以沧州南排河流域为研究区域,对南排河总氮污染状况及其排海影响进行分析,同时结合实测数据及统计资料进行总氮污染溯源,最后给出合理的治理与管控建议,为入海河流氮排放管理和氮污染防治提供参考依据,为全力达到“十四五”要求提供了全面的科学支撑.
沧州南排河总氮污染状况及溯源分析
Analysis on the pollution status and Source of Total nitrogen in Nanpai River of Cangzhou
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摘要: 入海河流携带的陆源总氮污染是海域无机氮的主要来源. 本研究对沧州南排河近年总氮污染状况及其总氮排海量贡献进行了分析,并通过双同位素技术及总氮污染来源评估对流域总氮污染精准溯源,最后给出南排河流域总氮管控建议. 结果表明,南排河入海断面总氮浓度不能逐月达标、峰值逐年抬升,其总氮排海量对沧州近岸海域无机氮浓度贡献较高;流域上游主要是畜禽养殖污染和生活污水排放问题,沧县以下河段总氮问题主要体现在农业面源氮肥流失;流域总氮排放量最高的来源是畜禽养殖业,其贡献达到33.16%. 总氮污染重点区域为泊头市交河镇、渤海新区黄骅市滕庄子镇和泊头市西辛店乡.Abstract: The total nitrogen pollution from land carried by rivers entering the sea is the main source of inorganic nitrogen in the sea area. In this study, we analyzed the situation of total nitrogen pollution and the massive contribution of total nitrogen discharge in Cangzhou Nanpai River in recent years, and accurately traced the source of total nitrogen pollution through double isotope technique and total nitrogen pollution source evaluation. Finally, we give some suggestions for the control of total nitrogen in Nanpai River basin. The results show that the concentration of total nitrogen in the sea section of Nanpai River can not reach the standard month by month and the peak value increases year by year, and the mass discharge of total nitrogen in Nanpai River makes a high contribution to the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the coastal area of Cangzhou. The upstream of the basin mainly comes from livestock and poultry breeding pollution and domestic sewage pollution, and the problem of total nitrogen in the river below Cangxian County is mainly reflected in the loss of agricultural non-point source nitrogen fertilizer. The highest source of total nitrogen emission in the basin is livestock and poultry breeding, which contributes 33.16%. The key areas of total nitrogen pollution in the basin are Jiaohe Town, Botou City, Tengzhuangzi Town, Huanghua City, Bohai New area, and Xixindian Township, Botou City.
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Key words:
- Nanpai River /
- traceability of total nitrogen /
- double isotopes /
- total nitrogen control
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表 1 农村生活污水排放系数表单
Table 1. Form of discharge coefficient of domestic sewage in rural areas
名称
Name单位
Unit数值
Numerical value污水排放系数 L·(人·d)−1 22.87 总氮产污强度 g·(人·d)−1 0.77 总氮综合去除率 — 47% 表 2 城镇生活污水排放系数表单
Table 2. Form of discharge coefficient of urban domestic sewage
名称
Name单位
Unit数值
Numerical value来源
Source人均综合生活用水量 L·d−1 145 《生活污染源产排污系数手册》 折污系数 — 0.8 《生活污染源产排污系数手册》 城镇生活污水集中收集率 — 61.77 《中国城市建设统计年鉴》计算 未收集总氮排放浓度 mg·L−1 73.8 《生活污染源产排污系数手册》 表 3 畜禽养殖排污系数表单
Table 3. Form of pollution discharge coefficient for livestock and poultry breeding
畜禽种类
Species of livestock and poultry河北省畜禽规模化养殖总氮排污系数
Total nitrogen discharge coefficient of large-scale
livestock and poultry farming in Hebei Province河北省畜禽养殖户养殖总氮排污系数
Total nitrogen discharge coefficient of livestock and poultry farmers in Hebei Province奶牛/(kg·头−1) 11.4005 11.0903 肉牛/(kg·头−1) 5.3333 4.6367 猪/(kg·头−1) 0.5186 0.1864 蛋鸡/(kg·羽−1) 0.0630 0.0216 肉鸡/(kg·羽−1) 0.0107 0.0032 数据来源 《农业污染源产排污系数手册》 表 4 水产养殖业排污系数
Table 4. Aquaculture industry emission coefficient
名称
Name单位
Unit数值
Numerical value来源
Source水产养殖业排污系数 kg·t−1 2.588 《农业污染源产排污系数手册》 表 5 各区县各污染源排放量占比
Table 5. Proportion of emissions from various pollution sources in various districts and counties
氮污染类型
Nitrogen pollution type总氮排放量/(t·a−1)
Total nitrogen emissions占比/%
Proportion畜禽养殖源 203.45 33.16 农村生活源 148.70 24.23 城镇生活源 121.40 19.78 农业种植源 112.40 18.32 涉氮工业企业源 23.85 3.89 水产养殖源 3.83 0.62 表 6 流域内各乡镇总氮排放量(t·a−1)
Table 6. Total nitrogen emissions from various townships within the watershed
县级
County乡镇
Township农村生活源
Rural living
source城镇生活源
Source of
urban life畜禽养殖源
Livestock
and poultry
breeding source农业种植源
Agricultural
planting
source涉氮工业企业源
Source of nitrogen
related industrial
enterprises水产养殖源
Aquaculture.
source总计
Total沧县 旧州 3.79 0 17.11 3.71 1.19 0 97.76 张官屯乡 6.80 0 19.91 5.13 风化店乡 1.80 0 11.68 3.96 汪家铺乡 1.58 0 3.25 2.15 刘家庙乡 0.01 0 1.89 0.44 仵龙堂乡 0.57 0 2.66 1.64 高川乡 0.46 0 1.38 1.18 黄递铺乡 0.02 0 1.26 0.17 纸房头乡 0.48 0 2.26 1.27 南皮县 冯家口镇 10.01 0 16.46 5.71 0.18 0 34.04 刘八里乡 0.03 0 1.33 0.33 献县 淮镇镇 0.17 0 2.32 0.68 0.01 0 10.34 郭庄镇 0.01 0 0.76 0.17 河城街镇 0.07 0 1.36 0.53 陈庄镇 0.26 0 1.21 1.06 徐留高乡 0.34 0 0.80 0.59 泊头市 解放街道 0 16.57 0 0.10 17.27 0 404.10 河东街道 0 24.85 0 0.03 古楼街道 0 29.00 0 0 泊镇 4.51 41.61 0.70 2.74 交河镇 9.40 0 32.16 4.81 齐桥镇 14.59 0 6.75 6.82 寺门村镇 9.00 0 5.01 5.55 郝村镇 10.28 0 1.09 6.29 富镇镇 8.56 0 0.48 4.87 文庙镇 10.03 0 3.90 5.71 洼里王镇 10.37 0 1.77 4.64 王武庄乡 6.95 0 12.61 4.45 营子乡 10.27 0 0.41 5.85 四营乡 8.39 0 2.39 5.00 西辛店乡 9.77 0 21.61 6.82 河北泊头经济开发区 0.75 9.37 0 0 渤海新区黄骅市 骅西街道 0.04 0 0 0.05 5.20 0 67.38 常郭乡 0.12 0 2.26 2.08 0.09 滕庄子镇 5.34 0 20.66 9.15 3.29 羊三木回族乡 1.25 0 5.96 2.55 0.10 南大港管理区 2.69 0 0.05 6.15 0.34 乡镇汇总 148.70 121.40 203.45 112.40 23.85 3.83 613.62 -
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