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随着城市化进程的推进以及现代居民环保意识的提升,装饰装修产品释放的气味污染问题日益受到人们的关注[1 − 2],异味会影响居民的身心健康,降低工作效率,严重影响到居民的生活质量[3 − 4]. 地毯作为一种高级的装饰品,具有隔热、防潮、舒适等功能,也有美观的效果,成为常用的装饰装修产品. 地毯产品所释放的有害物质具有不同程度挥发性,引起空气污染,带来异味刺激[5];地毯异味可引起呼吸道反应、皮肤过敏等问题,应重视地毯异味溯源.
本文选取一种羊毛地毯,对其成品及原材料进行气味强度的测试,判断各原材料气味强度贡献,利用热脱附气相色谱质谱法进行总挥发性有机化合物测试,再根据所释放物质的气味阈值,计算气味活度值[6],筛选出地毯成品主要致味物质,结合原材料致味物质分析来源. 利用总气味活度值法,计算不同地毯原材料对地毯成品的气味污染物贡献率,为地毯产品生产企业提供通过改变材料配方以改善地毯气味性能提供解决方案. 进而推动地毯产品向低气味、高环保的方向发展,促进建材行业高质量发展,保障现代居民身心健康,满足消费者对于低气味产品的需求.
一种羊毛地毯的异味溯源分析
Odour traceability analysis of a woolen carpet
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摘要: 本文对一种羊毛地毯及其原材料进行气味强度的测试,发现地毯胶和纱线的气味强度贡献最大. 对地毯成品及其原材料利用热脱附气相色谱质谱法进行污染物定性定量分析,再根据所释放物质的气味阈值,计算气味活度值. 地毯成品中主要致味物质有壬醛、辛醛、十二烷酸、癸醛、十四烷酸、己醛、十五烷酸、乙酸丁酯. 其中壬醛、癸醛、己醛主要来源于地毯胶在合成过程中,醛类的单体残留. 乙酸丁酯作为地毯胶的溶剂. 十二烷酸、十四烷酸、十五烷酸来源于纱线防虫蛀的有机磷农药等成分. 纱线材质本身具有极强的吸附性,吸附了环境中的醛类污染物,导致地毯成品中的醛类一部分来源于纱线. 利用总气味活度值法,原材料气味污染物贡献率排序为:地毯胶>纱线>白布>网布>绿布. 气味污染物的主要来源是地毯胶,约占所有污染物的70%.Abstract: In this paper, the odour intensity of a wool carpet and its raw materials was tested, and it was found that the odour intensity of carpet glue and yarn contributed the most. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of total volatile organic compounds was carried out on the finished carpet and its raw materials by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and then the odour activity value was calculated based on the odour threshold of the released substances. Substances contributing to the overall odour of finished carpets include nonanal, octanal, dodecanoic acid, decanal, myristic acid, hexanal, pentadecanoic acid, and butyl acetate. Among them, nonanal, decanal, and hexanal are primarily derived from aldehyde monomer residues during carpet glue synthesis. Butyl acetate is used as a solvent for carpet glue. Dodecanoic acid, myristic acid, and pentadecanoic acid originate from ingredients such as organophosphorus pesticides used to mothproof the yarn. The yarn material itself has strong adsorption, absorbing aldehyde pollutants in the environment, resulting in some of the aldehydes in the finished carpet coming from the yarn. Using the total odour activity value method, the odour contribution rate order of raw material pollutants is: carpet glue > yarn > white cloth > mesh cloth > green cloth. The main source of odour pollutants is carpet glue, accounting for about 70% of all pollutants.
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Key words:
- a wool carpet and its raw materials /
- odour intensity /
- odour activity
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表 1 气味强度等级描述
Table 1. Description of odour intensity grade
等级级别 0级 1级 2级 3级 4级 5级 6级 状态描述 无气味 非常弱 弱 明显 强 非常强 极强,不能忍受 注:半数表示介于两个等级之间的状态. 表 2 地毯及原材料气味强度结果
Table 2. Odour intensity results of a carpet and its raw materials
材料 地毯 纱线 地毯胶 白布 绿布 网布 OI/级 3.0 2.5 4.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 表 3 地毯成品VOCs浓度及气味活度结果
Table 3. VOCs concentration and odour activity results of a carpet
气味物质 浓度/(μg·m−3) 气味活度值
OAV气味物质 浓度/(μg·m−3) 气味活度值
OAV壬醛 0.022 7.2371 2,6,10,14-四甲基十五烷 0.028 0.0560 辛醛 0.004 4.5637 2-甲基十六烷 0.012 0.0240 十二烷酸 0.017 4.4587 庚醛 0.006 0.0235 癸醛 0.010 3.6605 十五烷 0.011 0.0213 十四烷酸 0.028 3.5099 邻苯二甲酸二乙酯 0.006 0.0177 己醛 0.011 2.8052 8-甲基庚烷 0.008 0.0164 十五烷酸 0.011 1.2776 2-乙氧基乙醇 0.013 0.0162 乙酸丁酯 0.012 1.2001 5-甲基十五烷 0.003 0.0063 2-丁基辛醇 0.019 0.4775 十四烷 0.004 0.0008 正丁醇 0.025 0.1592 甲苯 0.003 0.0004 丙二醇甲醚 0.125 0.1780 总和 0.409 28.9966 二十一烷 0.031 0.0620 表 4 地毯各原材料释放主要致味物质浓度及OAV值
Table 4. The concentration and OAV value of main odorant released by each raw material of the carpet
材料名称 壬醛 辛醛 十二烷酸 癸醛 十四烷酸 己醛 十五烷酸 乙酸丁酯 浓度 OAV 浓度 OAV 浓度 OAV 浓度 OAV 浓度 OAV 浓度 OAV 浓度 OAV 浓度 OAV 纱线 0.016 5.022 0.004 4.831 0.009 2.61 0.012 4.761 0.034 4.284 0.003 0.7 0.028 3.412 0.007 0.654 白布 0.006 1.945 ND — ND — 0.005 2.013 ND — ND — 0.004 0.443 ND — 网布 0.011 3.437 0.003 3.717 ND — 0.011 4.379 0.005 0.658 ND — ND — ND — 绿布 0.013 4.2 ND — ND — 0.009 3.534 0.032 4.047 0.032 4.047 0.022 2.67 ND — 地毯胶 0.023 7.3 ND — ND — 0.009 3.532 ND — 0.031 7.844 ND — 1.149 114 “—”无数据. 表 5 各原材料TVOC和SOAV结果
Table 5. TVOC and SOAV results for each raw material
原材料 TVOC/(mg·m−3) SOAV 气味贡献率 纱线 0.202 24.653 9% 白布 0.379 19.924 8% 绿布 0.126 16.154 6% 网布 0.247 17.477 7% 地毯胶 5.763 183.749 70% -
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