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随着人民的生活水平不断提高,由家庭生活和工业生产带来的油水混合物的产量急剧增加,含油废水的排放和无数的漏油事件不仅对生态系统造成破坏,威胁人类健康,还浪费了宝贵的资源[1-3]. 含油废水一般可以分为两类:不相溶的油水混合物及油水乳液. 不相溶的油水混合物包含较大的分散液滴(> 20 μm)[4],可以随着时间的推移自然分层,密度较大的逐渐沉降,密度较小的漂浮到顶部[5]. 油水乳液属于胶体分散体,由连续相中的微米级和纳米级液滴组成,乳液的成分比单纯的油水两相混合物更复杂[6]. 油水乳液中包含各种分子相互作用和界面活性成分,因此形成的系统也更稳定.
能够处理不相溶油水混合物和油水乳化液的膜分离技术具有很大的应用前景. 改变膜表面的润湿性可以赋予膜对连续相的润湿性和对分散相的排斥性[7],使油水分离具有高效率和高选择性. Jiang等[8-9] 提出,分离油水混合物的方法理论上可分为两类:除水和除油. 具有疏水/亲油性的油水分离膜允许油相通过而阻止水相通过,在分离水包轻油(ρoil<ρwater)乳液时,由于膜表面会形成一层水膜,阻碍油相与分离膜的接触,导致分离受阻[10-12],并且由于含油黏度的不同,分离水包重油(ρoil > ρwater) 乳液时会对膜产生不同程度的污染和堵塞,这些问题限制了疏水/亲油性膜在油水分离领域的应用[13]. 因此,具有允许水相通过同时阻碍油相渗透性能的亲水/水下疏油性分离膜更适合实际应用[14-15].
将纳米材料在基底膜上均匀分散,调整膜表面润湿性及多孔结构[16],可以开发出具有亲水/水下疏油特性的油水分离膜. 迄今为止,已经开发了各种纳米材料修饰膜表面以获得所需的润湿性,如羟基磷灰石纳米管[17]、活性炭[18]、金属有机框架[19]、二硫化钨[20]、硝化纤维[21],二氧化钛(TiO2)[22]和氧化石墨烯[23]等. 其中,TiO2因成本低、无毒、化学稳定性高而被广泛应用于油水分离体系中. Chen等[24]制备出TiO2涂层的剥离纤维膜呈亲水/亲油/水下疏油性,水下油接触角达157°,对水包硅油乳液的分离效率为94%;Fazli Wahid等[25]将细菌纤维素与 TiO2纳米材料混合制备膜,并通过ZnO纳米材料的原位生长进一步改性,所制备的复合膜呈亲水性,水下油接触角为145°,对水包甲苯乳液的分离效率达到99%;Feng等[26]通过TiO2的自组装制备出二维层状MXene/聚亚芳基醚腈(PEN)纤维复合膜,空气中呈亲水性,对石油醚的水下油接触角为155°,对水包石油醚乳液分离效率达99%. 这些工作代表了油水分离材料开发的重大进展,但由于实际油水混合物油相的密度多样性,以上工作还存在局限性,制备出能同时处理水包轻质油和水包重质油的油水分离膜十分重要. 部分学者研究了同时处理水包轻/重质油乳液的材料[13, 27-30],但是制备方式复杂,需要额外搭建处理装置,且处理量有限,还有学者研究了表面润湿性不对称的Janus膜,但其结构小、分批分离工艺、处理能力低等仍限制了其性能和应用[31]. 因此,开发出一种能同时处理水包轻/重质油,且制备方法简便,无需进行预处理,无需额外搭建装置的油水分离膜十分有必要.
二硫化钼(MoS2)作为过渡金属二硫化物的热门研究材料之一,已被广泛应用于催化剂、润滑剂、石油添加剂、氢存储体、电子器件等各个领域[32-33]. 除了上述应用外,其化学稳定性、剥离可行性和表面功能化潜力等显著特性使MoS2成为混合改性膜中新型纳米添加剂的合适候选材料[34-35]. MoS2具有强共价键合的 S—Mo—S结构,不同层之间通过范德华力连接,因此它具有类石墨烯的二维层状形态[36-38],其特有的晶相、层间距和空位缺陷等结构特征为膜处理技术在废水处理领域的应用提供了广阔的前景[39]. 一些学者将MoS2与其他二维材料(如石墨烯、氮化硼)相比,证实MoS2具有出色的性能[39]. 国外研究学者将MoS2掺入到PES膜处理炼油厂废水[36]. 结果表明过滤160 min后,COD从240 mg·L−1 降低到40.8 mg·L−1,浊度也从12.2 NTU降低到2.1 NTU. 因此MoS2具有显著改善膜基水处理的潜力. 并且天然辉钼矿中含有大量的MoS2,有利于降低生产成本.
多功能纳米材料的混合有利于提高膜的性能[13]. 将花球状纳米结构MoS2与具有高表面能的TiO2纳米材料复合制备MoS2-TiO2材料,通过真空抽滤制备出MoS2-TiO2/PVDF复合膜. MoS2-TiO2 /PVDF复合膜呈现出亲水/亲油/水下疏油性,可以实现不混溶油水、水包轻油(石油醚)乳液及水包重油(1,2-二氯乙烷)乳液的多任务分离性能.
TiO2-MoS2/PVDF复合膜的制备及油水分离性能
Preparation of TiO2-MoS2/PVDF composite membrane and study on its oil-water separation performance
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摘要: 随着工业废水和生活污水排放的增加,含油废水和乳化油水混合物的分离引起社会的广泛关注. 然而,克服油水密度的限制,开发出可以分别过滤油水混合物、水包轻油乳液及水包重油乳液的分离膜具有挑战性,但迫在眉睫. 将亲水/水下疏油性的棒状TiO2与疏水/水下亲油性的MoS2纳米花球复合后制备TiO2-MoS2材料,再以PVDF为基底真空抽滤制备出TiO2-MoS2/PVDF复合膜,所制备的复合膜呈超亲水/超亲油/水下疏油性,且水下油滴附着力低. 在不进行任何预润湿处理的情况下,TiO2-MoS2/PVDF复合膜对油水两相混合物,水包轻油乳液和水包重油乳液的分离与TiO2/PVDF膜和MoS2/PVDF膜相比效率均有不同程度的提高. 本研究克服了分离不同密度的水包油乳液对膜的选择性,为油水分离膜在同时过滤水包轻质/重质油乳液上提供了新的思路.Abstract: With the increase in industrial and domestic wastewater discharges, the separation of oily wastewater and emulsified water/oil mixtures has attracted widespread social attention. However, overcoming the limitation of oil density, developing separation membranes, which can filter oil water mixture, light oil in water emulsion and heavy oil in water emulsion is challenging and urgent. After we composited the hydrophilic/underwater oleophobic rod-like TiO2 with the hydrophobic/underwater oleophilic MoS2 nanospheres, the TiO2-MoS2/PVDF composite membrane was produced by vacuum filtration with PVDF as the substrate. The composite membrane we produced is superhydrophilic/superoleophilic/underwater oleophobic, with low underwater oil droplet adhesion. Compared with TiO2/PVDF membrane and MoS2/PVDF membrane, the TiO2-MoS2/PVDF composite membrane has improved the separation efficiency of oil water mixture, light oil in water emulsion and heavy oil in water emulsion without any pre-wetting treatment. This study overcomes the selectivity of membrane for separating oil in water emulsion with different densities, which provides a new idea for separation membrane to filter light/heavy oil in water emulsion at the same time.
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图 5 (a1)—(a3) PVDF膜的表面、横截面及放大后横截面SEM图;(b1)—(b3) TiO2/PVDF膜的表面、横截面及放大后横截面SEM图;(c1)—(c3) MoS2/PVDF膜的表面、横截面及放大后横截面SEM图;(d1)—(d3) TiO2-MoS2/PVDF膜的表面、横截面及放大后横截面SEM图;(e)—(h) TiO2-MoS2/PVDF膜中 Ti、O、Mo、S的EDS mapping图
Figure 5. (a1)—(a3) SEM images of PVDF membrane surface, cross section and enlarged cross section; (b1)—(b3) SEM images of TiO2/PVDF membrane surface, cross section and cross section after amplification; (c1)—(c3) SEM images of surface, cross section and enlarged cross section of MoS2/PVDF membrane; (d1)—(d3) SEM images of surface, cross section and enlarged cross section of TiO2-MoS2/PVDF membrane; (e)—(h) EDS mapping of Ti, O, Mo and S in TiO2-MoS2/PVDF membrane
图 9 (a) TiO2/PVDF,MoS2/PVDF及TiO2-MoS2/PVDF膜分离不相容油水前后照片(右侧:硫酸铜染色的超纯水,左侧:油红染色的石油醚);(b) TiO2/PVDF,MoS2/PVDF及TiO2-MoS2/PVDF膜对不相容油水的截留效率及截留通量
Figure 9. (a) Before and after TiO2/PVDF, MoS2/PVDF and TiO2-MoS2/PVDF membranes separation of incompatible oil and water (blue: ultra-pure water stained with copper sulfate, red: petroleum ether stained with oil red O); (b) Interception efficiency and flux of TiO2/PVDF, MoS2/PVDF and TiO2-MoS2/PVDF membranes on incompatible oil and water
图 10 (a) TiO2/PVDF,(b) MoS2/PVDF及(c) TiO2-MoS2/PVDF膜分离水包轻油(石油醚)乳液前后的粒径分布图;(d) TiO2/PVDF,(e) MoS2/PVDF及(f) TiO2-MoS2/PVDF膜分离水包重油(1,2-二氯乙烷)乳液前后的粒径分布图
Figure 10. Particle size distributions of (a) TiO2/PVDF, (b) MoS2/PVDF and (c) TiO2-MoS2/PVDF films before and after separation of light oil-in-water (petroleum ether) emulsion; Particle size distribution of (d) TiO2/PVDF, (e) MoS2/PVDF and (f) TiO2-MoS2/PVDF films before and after separation of heavy oil-in-water (1, 2-dichloroethane) emulsion
表 1 膜的孔隙率及平均孔径
Table 1. The porosity and average pore size of the membrane
膜样
Types of membranes孔隙率/%
Porosity平均孔径/μm
Mean apertureTiO2/PVDF 膜 10.4(±1.2) 0.2989(±0.0010) MoS2/PVDF 膜 11.5(±1.8) 0.1486(±0.0009) TiO2-MoS2/PVDF 膜 3.7(±0.5) 0.3942(±0.0001) -
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