北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

曲良; 谭海涛; 刘涛; 张文龙

doi:10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022102606

北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

1.
中海石油（中国）有限公司，北京，100010
2.
中海油研究总院责任有限公司，北京，100028

通讯作者: Tel: 01084521214, E-mail: quliang2@cnooc.com.cn;

基金项目:
中国海洋石油集团有限公司科技项目(KJGG-2022-17 )资助.

Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the seawater and sediment of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf

1.
CNOOC (China) Limited, Beijing, 100010, China
2.
CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100028, China

Corresponding author: QU Liang, quliang2@cnooc.com.cn ;

Fund Project: the Research Program of CNOOC (KJGG-2022-17 ).

摘要: 于2020年11月和2021年3月在北部湾铁山港附近海域开展了2个航次调查，研究了该海域水体和表层沉积物中铜、铅、锌、铬、砷、汞的分布特征及潜在生态风险. 结果表明，水体重金属垂直分布较均匀，而平面分布表现出明显的季节性差异. 在春季，砷的高值区位于离岸较近的东北部海域，其余5种重金属高值区位于西南部海域. 在秋季，铅呈离散性分布，而铜、锌、铬、砷和汞的浓度分布表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势. 表层沉积物重金属分布也存在显著季节性差异. 在春季，铜、铅、锌和铬的高值区位于西南部海域，砷的高值区位于中部海域，汞的高值区靠近东部海域. 在秋季，除砷表现出离散性分布外，其他5种重金属的高值区皆位于西南部海域，且表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐递增的趋势. 单因子标准指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估结果表明，该海域汞和铅的潜在生态风险较高. 相关性分析表明，沉积物粒径和总有机碳（TOC）是影响沉积物重金属浓度分布的主要因素.
- 重金属 /
- 水体 /
- 沉积物 /
- 北部湾 /
- 生态风险.
Abstract: Distribution of heavy metals copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in the seawater and sediments of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf were investigated based on data from two surveys carried out in November 2010 and March 2021. The results showed that the heavy metals had an even vertical distributions in seawater, but showed seasonal differences on horizontal distribution. In spring, high concentration of As were detected at the northeast areas, while high concentrations of the other heavy metals were observed at the southwest areas. In autumn, the concentration values of Cu, Zn, Cr, As and Hg were highest at the nearshore areas and gradually decreased from near-shore to offshore area, while Pb showed a discrete distribution. Similarly, distributions of heavy metals in sediment also indicated distinct seasonal differences. In spring, high concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr in sediment were generally distributed at the southwestern areas, and As and Hg were highly concentrated at central and eastern area, respectively. In autumn, As was discretely distributed, while other heavy metals were mainly distributed at the southwest areas and showed an increasing tendency of concentrations from near-shore to offshore areas. Single factor index analysis and potential ecological risk analysis of heavy metals indicate that Hg and Pb should be listed as the priority contaminant metals in this investigated area. Correlation analysis showed that total organic carbon (TOC) and sediment grain size were the major controlling factors for the variations of heavy metal distribution.
- heavy metals /
- seawater /
- sediment /
- Beibu Gulf /
- ecological risk.

图 1 调查站位图

Figure 1. Investigation sea area and sampling sites

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图 2 表层海水重金属分布情况

Figure 2. Distributions of heavy metals in the surface seawater of investigated areas

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图 3 沉积物重金属分布情况

Figure 3. Distributions of heavy metals in sediment of investigated areas.

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表 1 分析方法

Table 1. Methods of analysis

类型Type	重金属Heavy metals	分析方法Method	规范Standard
海水	汞	原子荧光法	GB17378.4—2007
	铜	电感耦合等离子体质谱法	HY/T147.1—2013
	铅	电感耦合等离子体质谱法	HY/T147.1—2013
	锌	电感耦合等离子体质谱法	HY/T147.1—2013
	铬	电感耦合等离子体质谱法	HY/T147.1—2013
	砷	电感耦合等离子体质谱法	HY/T147.1—2013
沉积物	汞	热分解冷原子吸收光度法	HY/T147.2—2013
	锌	火焰原子吸收分光光度法	GB17378.5—2007
	铅	火焰原子吸收分光光度法	GB17378.5—2007
	铜	火焰原子吸收分光光度法	GB17378.5—2007
	铬	无火焰原子吸收分光光度法	GB17378.5—2007
	砷	原子荧光法	GB17378.5—2007
	有机碳	重铬酸钾氧化-还原容量法	GB17378.5—2007
	粒度	激光法	GB12763.8—2007

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表 2 沉积物重金属毒性系数和背景值

Table 2. Toxicity response coefficient and background reference values of heavy metals

	重金属元素/(μg·g⁻¹) Heavy metal
	Hg	Cu	Pb	Cd	Zn	As
${T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{i}$	10	5	5	40	1	10
${C}_{\mathrm{n}}^{i}$ （10⁻⁶）	0.093	12.91	31.1	0.430	70.2	15

	重金属元素/(μg·g⁻¹) Heavy metal
	Hg	Cu	Pb	Cd	Zn	As
${T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{i}$	10	5	5	40	1	10
${C}_{\mathrm{n}}^{i}$ （10⁻⁶）	0.093	12.91	31.1	0.430	70.2	15

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表 3 海水重金属浓度（μg·L⁻¹）

Table 3. Concentrations of heavy metals in seawater（μg·L⁻¹）

季节Season	水深Depth	数值Value	铜Cu	铅Pb	锌Zn	铬Cr	砷As	汞Hg
春季	表层	范围	0.71—4.32	0.07—0.87	0.86—11.75	0.2—0.54	1.44—2.42	0.017—0.037
	表层	平均值	1.563	0.370	3.499	0.342	1.904	0.0272
	10 m	范围	0.78—3.74	0.11—0.6	1.65—3.63	0.24—0.41	1.65—2.45	0.016—0.037
	10 m	平均值	1.785	0.353	2.152	0.334	1.996	0.0254
	底层	范围	0.99—4.4	0.16—1.12	1.22—10.8	0.23—0.38	1.65—2.68	0.016—0.035
	底层	平均值	1.642	0.675	3.072	0.314	2.010	0.0268
秋季	表层	范围	0.49—4.32	0.15—2.37	0.97—16.09	0.11—1.91	1.26—2.38	0.008—0.045
	表层	平均值	1.996	0.545	3.924	0.692	1.778	0.0241
	10 m	范围	0.88—3.62	0.08—1.46	0.93—12.44	0.11—4.75	1.08—2.5	0.01—0.046
	10 m	平均值	1.53	0.516	3.16	0.782	1.788	0.0256
	底层	范围	0.92—3.76	0.18—0.87	0.77—8.37	0.19—1.8	1.51—2.7	0.014—0.047
	底层	平均值	1.973	0.525	2.768	0.607	1.948	0.0256

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表 4 国内外海水重金属浓度（μg·L⁻¹）

Table 4. Concentrations of heavy metals in the seawater of various sea areas（μg·L⁻¹）

海域Area	铜Cu	铅Pb	锌Zn	铬Cr	砷As	汞Hg	参考文献Reference
北部湾铁山港春季表层平均值	1.563	0.370	3.499	0.342	1.904	0.0272	本研究
北部湾铁山港春季10 m层平均值	1.785	0.353	2.152	0.334	1.996	0.0254
北部湾铁山港春季底层平均值	1.642	0.675	3.072	0.314	2.010	0.0268
北部湾铁山港秋季表层平均值	1.996	0.545	3.924	0.692	1.778	0.0241	本研究
北部湾铁山港秋季10 m平均值	1.53	0.516	3.16	0.782	1.788	0.0256
北部湾铁山港秋季底层平均值	1.973	0.525	2.768	0.607	1.948	0.0256
辽东湾表层	1.01—3.40	0.38—3.21	7.57—22.13	―	2.01—3.51	0.03—0.05	宋永刚，2016^[19]
渤海湾表层	9.39—39.37	0.062—3.69	17.36—31.86	3—5.89	2.35—5.89	0.010—0.060	蔡端波，2015^[20]
防城港近岸	1.76—4.79	0.59—2.75	16.9—24.9	0.55—1.72	0.72—2.49	0.012—0.088	何祥英，2014^[21]
钦州湾东部	2.2	1.1	4	0.2	0.68	0.036	张荣灿等，2015^[22]
广西近岸	5.06	0.70	12.5	2.38	0.61	0.048	李萍等，2018^[23]
湛江湾	11.17	23.28	54	―	6.12	0.047	赵佳林等，2022^[24]
铁山港	3.380—4.780	0.680—0.940	3.820—7.500	―	―	0.012—0.026	李萍等，2018^[25]
ArabianGulf，Saudi Arabia	―	0—0.002	28.22—34.17	0.78—0.51	21.07—24.61	0.84—1.13	Mahboob et al.，2022^[26]
Persian Gulf, Iran	0.251	0.011	0.251	0.116	1.41	―	Jafarabadi et al.，2017^[27]
Northeastern Mediterranean Sea	1.731	―	18.876	0.211	2.001	―	Çiftçi et al，2021^[28]
Red Sea，Egypt	1.07	2.52	5.78	1.65	―	―	Masoud et al.，2019^[29]
South Australian，Southern Ocean	0.9—64.2	0.4—55	14—67	0.35—1.32	3.2—8.2	―	Chakraborty et al.，2014^[30]

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表 5 沉积物重金属浓度（μg·g⁻¹）

Table 5. Concentrations of heavy metals in seawater （μg·g⁻¹）

季节Season	数值Value	铜Cu	铅Pb	锌Zn	铬Cr	砷As	汞Hg
春季	范围	5.3—21.2	30.2—30.2	24.8—75.8	4.9—79.3	1.58—10.6	0.005—0.026
春季	平均值	9.933	21.609	42.681	31.057	7.482	0.0199
秋季	范围	2—21.3	1.9—38.5	6.8—103	19—72.2	0.34—2.44	0.0035—0.029
秋季	平均值	8.717	21.517	49.387	44.596	1.600	0.0169

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表 6 国内外海域沉积物重金属浓度（μg·g⁻¹）

Table 6. Concentrations of heavy metals in sediments of different sea areas（μg·g⁻¹）

海域Sea area	铜Cu	铅Pb	锌Zn	铬Cr	砷As	汞Hg	参考文献Reference
本研究（春季）	5.3—21.2	30.2—30.2	24.8—75.8	4.9—79.3	1.58—10.6	0.005—0.026	―
本研究（秋季）	2—21.3	1.9—38.5	6.8—103	19—72.2	0.34—2.44	0.0035—0.029	―
胶州湾	12.97—37.72	8.81—33.93	37.00—87.92	32.59—62.73			肖彩玲，2017^[31]
海州湾北部	3.23—30.69	21.22—43.28	15.6—122.1	10.58—77.01	3.93—6.73	0.002—0.009	孟昆，2018^[32]
防城港近岸	22.37	22.44	65.07	37.78	9.08	0.07	庞国涛等，2022^[33]
雷州半岛附近海域	15.62	26.71	66.33	59.54	11.20	0.037	夏嘉等，2022^[16]
广西近岸海域	8.95	17.6	43.6	20.0	7.12	0.0359	闭文妮等，2022^[34]
钦州湾沙井岛临近海域	18.13	26.69	61.16	47.02	10.80	0.06	曹宏明等，2020^[35]
Red Sea, Saudi Arabia	17.2—217.2	11.5—111.3	48.8—511.5	14.9—289	―	―	Alharbi et al.，2019^[36]
Bizerte coastal line, Tunisia	1.1	4.7	2.7	0.6	―	―	Aydi et al.，2022^[37]
Mid-Black Sea, Turkey	7.99—16.66	6.32—33.05	13.9—43.8	361.9— 1084.85	3.6—5.95	0.03—0.22	Özkoç et al.，2022^[38]
Caspian Sea, Russia	8.3	4.19	17.1	―	―	―	de Mora et al.，2004^[39]
South east coastal sea, India	1.81—25.66	0.79—18.62	1.07—66.93	2.68—60.02	―	―	Satheeswaran et al.，2019^[40]

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表 7 沉积物重金属与环境因素间的相关性

Table 7. Correlation of heavy metals with environmental factors in sediment

	铬Cr	砷As	汞Hg	铅Pb	铜Cu	锌Zn
TOC	0.613**	0.397**	0.867**	0.812**	0.872**	0.817**
砾	−0.163	0.094	0.372**	0.072	−0.109	−0.112
砂	−0.561**	−0.301**	−0.737**	−0.739**	−0.771**	−0.774**
粉砂	0.560**	0.259	0.549**	0.651**	0.742**	0.740**
黏土	0.576**	0.168	0.544**	0.635**	0.707**	0.737**
铬		−0.222	0.527**	0.702**	0.753**	0.844**
砷			0.264	0.164	0.284	0.060
汞				0.793**	0.723**	0.739**
铅					0.805**	0.876**
铜						0.923**
**表示P<0.01.

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表 8 海水和沉积物重金属单因子标准指数

Table 8. Single factor index of heavy metals in the seawater and sediments

介质Sample	季节Season	水深Depth	数值Value	铜Cu	铅Pb	锌Zn	铬Cr	砷As	汞Hg
海水	春季	表层	范围	0.148—0.864	0.070—0.870	0.0430—0.0805	0.004—0.0108	0.072—0.109	0.32—1.00
		表层	平均值	0.313	0.371	0.175	0.00683	0.0952	0.545
		10 m	范围	0.156—0.708	0.110—1.000	0.0535—0.182	0.0082—0.01	0.0825—0.123	0.320—0.740
		10 m	平均值	0.357	0.354	0.108	0.00667	0.0998	0.508
		底层	范围	0.172—0.880	0.160—1.120	0.060—0.540	0.00460—0.0100	0.0825—0.134	0.400—0.720
		底层	平均值	0.328	0.675	0.154	0.00629	0.101	0.535
	秋季	表层	范围	0.0980—0.864	0.120—2.370	0.0485—0.804	0.00220—0.0382	0.0610—0.122	0.160—0.900
		表层	平均值	0.399	0.545	0.196	0.0138	0.0889	0.483
		10 m	范围	0.176—0.724	0.0800—1.460	0.0465—0.463	0.00200—0.0950	0.0540—0.125	0.200—0.920
		10 m	平均值	0.306	0.516	0.158	0.0156	0.0893	0.513
		底层	范围	0.184—0.752	0.180—0.870	0.0385—0.418	0.00380—0.0288	0.0440—0.114	0.280—0.940
		底层	平均值	0.395	0.525	0.139	0.0121	0.0974	0.511
沉积物	春季		范围	0.151—0.606	0.0933—0.503	0.165—0.505	0.0612—0.991	0.0790—0.515	0.025—0.190
	春季		平均值	0.351	0.378	0.351	0.388	0.374	0.0992
	秋季		范围	0.0571—0.609	0.0317—0.642	0.0453—0.687	0.237—0.903	0.0170—0.121	0.0175—0.145
	秋季		平均值	0.249	0.359	0.329	0.557	0.0800	0.0846

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表 9 沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数（E_rⁱ）

Table 9. The potential ecological risk indices of heavy metals in the sediments

季节Season	数值 Value	E_rⁱ
季节Season	数值 Value	铜Cu	铅Pb	锌Zn	铬Cr	砷As	汞Hg
春季	范围	0.757—3.029	0.467—2.517	0.165—0.505	0.123—1.983	0.790—5.300	1—7.6
春季	平均值	1.753	1.891	0.351	0.776	3.741	3.971
秋季	范围	0.314—3.043	0.158—3.208	0.045—0.687	0.475—1.805	0.170—1.220	0.7—5.6
秋季	平均值	1.374	1.793	0.329	1.115	0.800	3.385

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随着海洋经济快速发展，人类开发利用海洋资源的活动日益频繁，人类活动产生的多种污染物随河流、大气沉降以及交通航运等途径进入海洋，给海岸带生态环境造成巨大影响^[1]. 其中，重金属元素由于对海洋生物具有显著的毒性效应，其在海洋环境中的迁移、分布以及生态环境风险等已引起学者们的广泛关注^[2-3]. 海洋环境中的重金属主要来源于自然风化、陆源输入、大气沉降以及船舶运输等自然源和人为源^[4]. 重金属元素进入水体后，通过吸附、富集、沉降等过程使海洋多介质环境造成污染. 海洋中的重金属可以通过食物链进行传递与逐级放大，对生物个体生长产生毒性效应，威胁海洋生态系统的功能以及人类健康^[5-7]. 河流输入的重金属大部分在河口和近海区域通过沉降作用累积到沉积物中，造成底栖环境严重污染^[8]. 沉积物中的重金属元素通过有机质降解、氧化还原反应、再悬浮等过程也可重新进入水体，对水生生物产生较大危害^[9].

北部湾位于南海西北部海域，其半封闭的自然地理环境，导致湾内外水体交换周期长，污染物扩散无法快速扩散，加之沿岸人类活动干扰，给北部湾海域的海洋生态环境带来多方面影响^[10]. 针对北部湾海域的重金属污染，学者们已开展了一系列研究^[11-12]. 研究发现，北部湾沉积物中重金属含量与分布的变化主要与沉积物粒度有关^[13]. 熊丹等通过分析北部湾海域重金属浓度及分布特征发现北部湾环流的往复运动影响了重金属在高潮带、中潮带和低潮带的浓度分布^[14]. 滕德强等研究发现，北部湾近岸的工业及生活排污、化肥和农药残留物以及有机物降解释放是导致雷州半岛东南部海域重金属元素含量近岸显著高于远岸的主要原因^[15]. 通过对北部湾雷州半岛周围海域多个站位沉积物重金属分布情况的分析，学者们发现重金属含量较历史监测数据有增加的趋势，推测人类活动对该研究海域生态环境的影响在日益增大^[16].

港口海域受航运需求增大和港口规模扩大的影响，承载着较大的环境污染压力. 铁山港位于广西北部湾的东北部海域，是北部湾海域重要的港口运输基地. 目前，多数在北部湾海域开展的研究仅关注重金属在单一环境中的时空变化，缺乏从水体环境和沉积物底质两个方面对重金属的时空变化特征开展系统研究. 本研究通过现场调查测定了北部湾典型港口海域海水和表层沉积物中6种重金属含量，分析了该海域重金属的时空分布特征并探讨了其控制因素，通过单因子标准指数评价法和重金属潜在生态风险评价法评估了该海域重金属污染和生态风险状况，为开展北部湾海域区域污染防治和资源合理开发利用提供了理论依据.

3. 结论（Conclusion）

（1）调查海域重金属总体污染较轻，垂直分布较均匀，平面分布存在显著季节性差异.

（2）沉积物粒径和TOC是影响沉积物重金属浓度分布变化的主要环境因素.

（3）单因子标准指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估结果表明，调查海域汞和铅潜在生态风险较高.

（4）船舶航行对北部湾海域海水及沉积物中重金属含量变化的影响应予以关注.

参考文献 (58)

北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

通讯作者: Tel: 01084521214, E-mail: quliang2@cnooc.com.cn;

Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the seawater and sediment of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf

Corresponding author: QU Liang, quliang2@cnooc.com.cn ;

计量

北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

通讯作者: Tel: 01084521214, E-mail: quliang2@cnooc.com.cn;

English Abstract

Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the seawater and sediment of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf

Corresponding author: QU Liang, quliang2@cnooc.com.cn ;

全文HTML

1.1. 调查时间及站位

1.2. 样品采集与分析

1.3. 水体和沉积物重金属含量单因子标准指数评价

1.4. 沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数评价

2.1. 海水重金属分布特征

2.2. 沉积物重金属分布特征

2.3. 北部湾铁山港邻近海域重金属污染状况评价

2.4. 沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

目录

全文HTML

1.1. 调查时间及站位

1.2. 样品采集与分析

1.3. 水体和沉积物重金属含量单因子标准指数评价

1.4. 沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数评价

2.1. 海水重金属分布特征

2.2. 沉积物重金属分布特征

2.3. 北部湾铁山港邻近海域重金属污染状况评价

2.4. 沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

通讯作者: Tel: 01084521214, E-mail: quliang2@cnooc.com.cn;

Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the seawater and sediment of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf

Corresponding author: QU Liang, quliang2@cnooc.com.cn ;

计量

出版历程

北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

通讯作者: Tel: 01084521214, E-mail: quliang2@cnooc.com.cn;

English Abstract

Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the seawater and sediment of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf

Corresponding author: QU Liang, quliang2@cnooc.com.cn ;

全文HTML

1.1. 调查时间及站位

1.2. 样品采集与分析

1.3. 水体和沉积物重金属含量单因子标准指数评价

1.4. 沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数评价

2.1. 海水重金属分布特征

2.2. 沉积物重金属分布特征

2.3. 北部湾铁山港邻近海域重金属污染状况评价

2.4. 沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

目录

全文HTML

1.1. 调查时间及站位

1.2. 样品采集与分析

1.3. 水体和沉积物重金属含量单因子标准指数评价

1.4. 沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数评价

2.1. 海水重金属分布特征

2.2. 沉积物重金属分布特征

2.3. 北部湾铁山港邻近海域重金属污染状况评价

2.4. 沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价