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随着海洋经济快速发展,人类开发利用海洋资源的活动日益频繁,人类活动产生的多种污染物随河流、大气沉降以及交通航运等途径进入海洋,给海岸带生态环境造成巨大影响[1]. 其中,重金属元素由于对海洋生物具有显著的毒性效应,其在海洋环境中的迁移、分布以及生态环境风险等已引起学者们的广泛关注[2-3]. 海洋环境中的重金属主要来源于自然风化、陆源输入、大气沉降以及船舶运输等自然源和人为源[4]. 重金属元素进入水体后,通过吸附、富集、沉降等过程使海洋多介质环境造成污染. 海洋中的重金属可以通过食物链进行传递与逐级放大,对生物个体生长产生毒性效应,威胁海洋生态系统的功能以及人类健康[5-7]. 河流输入的重金属大部分在河口和近海区域通过沉降作用累积到沉积物中,造成底栖环境严重污染[8]. 沉积物中的重金属元素通过有机质降解、氧化还原反应、再悬浮等过程也可重新进入水体,对水生生物产生较大危害[9].
北部湾位于南海西北部海域,其半封闭的自然地理环境,导致湾内外水体交换周期长,污染物扩散无法快速扩散,加之沿岸人类活动干扰,给北部湾海域的海洋生态环境带来多方面影响[10]. 针对北部湾海域的重金属污染,学者们已开展了一系列研究[11-12]. 研究发现,北部湾沉积物中重金属含量与分布的变化主要与沉积物粒度有关[13]. 熊丹等通过分析北部湾海域重金属浓度及分布特征发现北部湾环流的往复运动影响了重金属在高潮带、中潮带和低潮带的浓度分布[14]. 滕德强等研究发现,北部湾近岸的工业及生活排污、化肥和农药残留物以及有机物降解释放是导致雷州半岛东南部海域重金属元素含量近岸显著高于远岸的主要原因[15]. 通过对北部湾雷州半岛周围海域多个站位沉积物重金属分布情况的分析,学者们发现重金属含量较历史监测数据有增加的趋势,推测人类活动对该研究海域生态环境的影响在日益增大[16].
港口海域受航运需求增大和港口规模扩大的影响,承载着较大的环境污染压力. 铁山港位于广西北部湾的东北部海域,是北部湾海域重要的港口运输基地. 目前,多数在北部湾海域开展的研究仅关注重金属在单一环境中的时空变化,缺乏从水体环境和沉积物底质两个方面对重金属的时空变化特征开展系统研究. 本研究通过现场调查测定了北部湾典型港口海域海水和表层沉积物中6种重金属含量,分析了该海域重金属的时空分布特征并探讨了其控制因素,通过单因子标准指数评价法和重金属潜在生态风险评价法评估了该海域重金属污染和生态风险状况,为开展北部湾海域区域污染防治和资源合理开发利用提供了理论依据.
北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价
Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the seawater and sediment of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf
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摘要: 于2020年11月和2021年3月在北部湾铁山港附近海域开展了2个航次调查,研究了该海域水体和表层沉积物中铜、铅、锌、铬、砷、汞的分布特征及潜在生态风险. 结果表明,水体重金属垂直分布较均匀,而平面分布表现出明显的季节性差异. 在春季,砷的高值区位于离岸较近的东北部海域,其余5种重金属高值区位于西南部海域. 在秋季,铅呈离散性分布,而铜、锌、铬、砷和汞的浓度分布表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势. 表层沉积物重金属分布也存在显著季节性差异. 在春季,铜、铅、锌和铬的高值区位于西南部海域,砷的高值区位于中部海域,汞的高值区靠近东部海域. 在秋季,除砷表现出离散性分布外,其他5种重金属的高值区皆位于西南部海域,且表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐递增的趋势. 单因子标准指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估结果表明,该海域汞和铅的潜在生态风险较高. 相关性分析表明,沉积物粒径和总有机碳(TOC)是影响沉积物重金属浓度分布的主要因素.Abstract: Distribution of heavy metals copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in the seawater and sediments of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf were investigated based on data from two surveys carried out in November 2010 and March 2021. The results showed that the heavy metals had an even vertical distributions in seawater, but showed seasonal differences on horizontal distribution. In spring, high concentration of As were detected at the northeast areas, while high concentrations of the other heavy metals were observed at the southwest areas. In autumn, the concentration values of Cu, Zn, Cr, As and Hg were highest at the nearshore areas and gradually decreased from near-shore to offshore area, while Pb showed a discrete distribution. Similarly, distributions of heavy metals in sediment also indicated distinct seasonal differences. In spring, high concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr in sediment were generally distributed at the southwestern areas, and As and Hg were highly concentrated at central and eastern area, respectively. In autumn, As was discretely distributed, while other heavy metals were mainly distributed at the southwest areas and showed an increasing tendency of concentrations from near-shore to offshore areas. Single factor index analysis and potential ecological risk analysis of heavy metals indicate that Hg and Pb should be listed as the priority contaminant metals in this investigated area. Correlation analysis showed that total organic carbon (TOC) and sediment grain size were the major controlling factors for the variations of heavy metal distribution.
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Key words:
- heavy metals /
- seawater /
- sediment /
- Beibu Gulf /
- ecological risk.
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表 1 分析方法
Table 1. Methods of analysis
类型
Type重金属
Heavy metals分析方法
Method规范
Standard海水 汞 原子荧光法 GB17378.4—2007 铜 电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HY/T147.1—2013 铅 电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HY/T147.1—2013 锌 电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HY/T147.1—2013 铬 电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HY/T147.1—2013 砷 电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HY/T147.1—2013 沉积物 汞 热分解冷原子吸收光度法 HY/T147.2—2013 锌 火焰原子吸收分光光度法 GB17378.5—2007 铅 火焰原子吸收分光光度法 GB17378.5—2007 铜 火焰原子吸收分光光度法 GB17378.5—2007 铬 无火焰原子吸收分光光度法 GB17378.5—2007 砷 原子荧光法 GB17378.5—2007 有机碳 重铬酸钾氧化-还原容量法 GB17378.5—2007 粒度 激光法 GB12763.8—2007 表 2 沉积物重金属毒性系数和背景值
Table 2. Toxicity response coefficient and background reference values of heavy metals
重金属元素/(μg·g−1) Heavy metal Hg Cu Pb Cd Zn As $ {T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{i} $ 10 5 5 40 1 10 (10−6)$ {C}_{\mathrm{n}}^{i} $ 0.093 12.91 31.1 0.430 70.2 15 表 3 海水重金属浓度(μg·L−1)
Table 3. Concentrations of heavy metals in seawater(μg·L−1)
季节
Season水深
Depth数值
Value铜
Cu铅
Pb锌
Zn铬
Cr砷
As汞
Hg春季 表层 范围 0.71—4.32 0.07—0.87 0.86—11.75 0.2—0.54 1.44—2.42 0.017—0.037 平均值 1.563 0.370 3.499 0.342 1.904 0.0272 10 m 范围 0.78—3.74 0.11—0.6 1.65—3.63 0.24—0.41 1.65—2.45 0.016—0.037 平均值 1.785 0.353 2.152 0.334 1.996 0.0254 底层 范围 0.99—4.4 0.16—1.12 1.22—10.8 0.23—0.38 1.65—2.68 0.016—0.035 平均值 1.642 0.675 3.072 0.314 2.010 0.0268 秋季 表层 范围 0.49—4.32 0.15—2.37 0.97—16.09 0.11—1.91 1.26—2.38 0.008—0.045 平均值 1.996 0.545 3.924 0.692 1.778 0.0241 10 m 范围 0.88—3.62 0.08—1.46 0.93—12.44 0.11—4.75 1.08—2.5 0.01—0.046 平均值 1.53 0.516 3.16 0.782 1.788 0.0256 底层 范围 0.92—3.76 0.18—0.87 0.77—8.37 0.19—1.8 1.51—2.7 0.014—0.047 平均值 1.973 0.525 2.768 0.607 1.948 0.0256 表 4 国内外海水重金属浓度(μg·L−1)
Table 4. Concentrations of heavy metals in the seawater of various sea areas(μg·L−1)
海域
Area铜
Cu铅
Pb锌
Zn铬
Cr砷
As汞
Hg参考文献
Reference北部湾铁山港春季表层平均值 1.563 0.370 3.499 0.342 1.904 0.0272 本研究 北部湾铁山港春季10 m层平均值 1.785 0.353 2.152 0.334 1.996 0.0254 北部湾铁山港春季底层平均值 1.642 0.675 3.072 0.314 2.010 0.0268 北部湾铁山港秋季表层平均值 1.996 0.545 3.924 0.692 1.778 0.0241 本研究 北部湾铁山港秋季10 m平均值 1.53 0.516 3.16 0.782 1.788 0.0256 北部湾铁山港秋季底层平均值 1.973 0.525 2.768 0.607 1.948 0.0256 辽东湾表层 1.01—3.40 0.38—3.21 7.57—22.13 ― 2.01—3.51 0.03—0.05 宋永刚,2016[19] 渤海湾表层 9.39—39.37 0.062—3.69 17.36—31.86 3—5.89 2.35—5.89 0.010—0.060 蔡端波,2015[20] 防城港近岸 1.76—4.79 0.59—2.75 16.9—24.9 0.55—1.72 0.72—2.49 0.012—0.088 何祥英,2014[21] 钦州湾东部 2.2 1.1 4 0.2 0.68 0.036 张荣灿等,2015[22] 广西近岸 5.06 0.70 12.5 2.38 0.61 0.048 李萍等,2018[23] 湛江湾 11.17 23.28 54 ― 6.12 0.047 赵佳林等,2022[24] 铁山港 3.380—4.780 0.680—0.940 3.820—7.500 ― ― 0.012—0.026 李萍等,2018[25] ArabianGulf,Saudi Arabia ― 0—0.002 28.22—34.17 0.78—0.51 21.07—24.61 0.84—1.13 Mahboob et al.,2022[26] Persian Gulf, Iran 0.251 0.011 0.251 0.116 1.41 ― Jafarabadi et al.,2017[27] Northeastern Mediterranean Sea 1.731 ― 18.876 0.211 2.001 ― Çiftçi et al,2021[28] Red Sea,Egypt 1.07 2.52 5.78 1.65 ― ― Masoud et al.,2019[29] South Australian,Southern Ocean 0.9—64.2 0.4—55 14—67 0.35—1.32 3.2—8.2 ― Chakraborty et al.,2014[30] 表 5 沉积物重金属浓度(μg·g−1)
Table 5. Concentrations of heavy metals in seawater (μg·g−1)
季节
Season数值
Value铜
Cu铅
Pb锌
Zn铬
Cr砷
As汞
Hg春季 范围 5.3—21.2 30.2—30.2 24.8—75.8 4.9—79.3 1.58—10.6 0.005—0.026 平均值 9.933 21.609 42.681 31.057 7.482 0.0199 秋季 范围 2—21.3 1.9—38.5 6.8—103 19—72.2 0.34—2.44 0.0035—0.029 平均值 8.717 21.517 49.387 44.596 1.600 0.0169 表 6 国内外海域沉积物重金属浓度(μg·g−1)
Table 6. Concentrations of heavy metals in sediments of different sea areas(μg·g−1)
海域
Sea area铜
Cu铅
Pb锌
Zn铬
Cr砷
As汞
Hg参考文献
Reference本研究(春季) 5.3—21.2 30.2—30.2 24.8—75.8 4.9—79.3 1.58—10.6 0.005—0.026 ― 本研究(秋季) 2—21.3 1.9—38.5 6.8—103 19—72.2 0.34—2.44 0.0035—0.029 ― 胶州湾 12.97—37.72 8.81—33.93 37.00—87.92 32.59—62.73 肖彩玲,2017[31] 海州湾北部 3.23—30.69 21.22—43.28 15.6—122.1 10.58—77.01 3.93—6.73 0.002—0.009 孟昆,2018[32] 防城港近岸 22.37 22.44 65.07 37.78 9.08 0.07 庞国涛等,2022[33] 雷州半岛附近海域 15.62 26.71 66.33 59.54 11.20 0.037 夏嘉等,2022[16] 广西近岸海域 8.95 17.6 43.6 20.0 7.12 0.0359 闭文妮等,2022[34] 钦州湾沙井岛临近海域 18.13 26.69 61.16 47.02 10.80 0.06 曹宏明等,2020[35] Red Sea, Saudi Arabia 17.2—217.2 11.5—111.3 48.8—511.5 14.9—289 ― ― Alharbi et al.,2019[36] Bizerte coastal line, Tunisia 1.1 4.7 2.7 0.6 ― ― Aydi et al.,2022[37] Mid-Black Sea, Turkey 7.99—16.66 6.32—33.05 13.9—43.8 361.9— 1084.85 3.6—5.95 0.03—0.22 Özkoç et al.,2022[38] Caspian Sea, Russia 8.3 4.19 17.1 ― ― ― de Mora et al.,2004[39] South east coastal sea, India 1.81—25.66 0.79—18.62 1.07—66.93 2.68—60.02 ― ― Satheeswaran et al.,2019[40] 表 7 沉积物重金属与环境因素间的相关性
Table 7. Correlation of heavy metals with environmental factors in sediment
铬
Cr砷
As汞
Hg铅
Pb铜
Cu锌
ZnTOC 0.613** 0.397** 0.867** 0.812** 0.872** 0.817** 砾 −0.163 0.094 0.372** 0.072 −0.109 −0.112 砂 −0.561** −0.301** −0.737** −0.739** −0.771** −0.774** 粉砂 0.560** 0.259 0.549** 0.651** 0.742** 0.740** 黏土 0.576** 0.168 0.544** 0.635** 0.707** 0.737** 铬 −0.222 0.527** 0.702** 0.753** 0.844** 砷 0.264 0.164 0.284 0.060 汞 0.793** 0.723** 0.739** 铅 0.805** 0.876** 铜 0.923** **表示P<0.01. 表 8 海水和沉积物重金属单因子标准指数
Table 8. Single factor index of heavy metals in the seawater and sediments
介质
Sample季节
Season水深
Depth数值
Value铜
Cu铅
Pb锌
Zn铬
Cr砷
As汞
Hg海水 春季 表层 范围 0.148—0.864 0.070—0.870 0.0430—0.0805 0.004—0.0108 0.072—0.109 0.32—1.00 平均值 0.313 0.371 0.175 0.00683 0.0952 0.545 10 m 范围 0.156—0.708 0.110—1.000 0.0535—0.182 0.0082—0.01 0.0825—0.123 0.320—0.740 平均值 0.357 0.354 0.108 0.00667 0.0998 0.508 底层 范围 0.172—0.880 0.160—1.120 0.060—0.540 0.00460—0.0100 0.0825—0.134 0.400—0.720 平均值 0.328 0.675 0.154 0.00629 0.101 0.535 秋季 表层 范围 0.0980—0.864 0.120—2.370 0.0485—0.804 0.00220—0.0382 0.0610—0.122 0.160—0.900 平均值 0.399 0.545 0.196 0.0138 0.0889 0.483 10 m 范围 0.176—0.724 0.0800—1.460 0.0465—0.463 0.00200—0.0950 0.0540—0.125 0.200—0.920 平均值 0.306 0.516 0.158 0.0156 0.0893 0.513 底层 范围 0.184—0.752 0.180—0.870 0.0385—0.418 0.00380—0.0288 0.0440—0.114 0.280—0.940 平均值 0.395 0.525 0.139 0.0121 0.0974 0.511 沉积物 春季 范围 0.151—0.606 0.0933—0.503 0.165—0.505 0.0612—0.991 0.0790—0.515 0.025—0.190 平均值 0.351 0.378 0.351 0.388 0.374 0.0992 秋季 范围 0.0571—0.609 0.0317—0.642 0.0453—0.687 0.237—0.903 0.0170—0.121 0.0175—0.145 平均值 0.249 0.359 0.329 0.557 0.0800 0.0846 表 9 沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数(Eri)
Table 9. The potential ecological risk indices of heavy metals in the sediments
季节
Season数值
ValueEri 铜
Cu铅
Pb锌
Zn铬
Cr砷
As汞
Hg春季 范围 0.757—3.029 0.467—2.517 0.165—0.505 0.123—1.983 0.790—5.300 1—7.6 平均值 1.753 1.891 0.351 0.776 3.741 3.971 秋季 范围 0.314—3.043 0.158—3.208 0.045—0.687 0.475—1.805 0.170—1.220 0.7—5.6 平均值 1.374 1.793 0.329 1.115 0.800 3.385 -
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