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零价镁(zero-valent magnesium, ZVMg)是一种银白色的碱土金属,具有化学性质活泼、低密度 (1.74 g/cm3)、高强度和地壳中高丰度的特点,镁合金已经在航空、育种、自动化和电器工业中有广泛应用[1]。ZVMg的活性较强,在污染物的还原降解方面具有诸多优势[2-3]:ZVMg的氧化还原电位(−2.37 V)是零价铁(ZVI,−0.44 V)的5.4倍,具有更强的还原活性;Mg(OH)2的沉淀平衡常数(Ksp)为7.08×10−12 (25 ℃),显著高于Fe(OH)2 (7.943×10−16)[4],因此ZVMg表面形成的Mg(OH)2氧化膜比ZVI表面形成的Fe(OH)3膜更疏松易溶,有利于ZVMg传递电子;ZVI只适用于厌氧环境,而ZVMg能同时用于有氧和无氧环境[5-6];镁广泛存在于天然环境中,是植物光合作用和人体细胞必需的元素之一,对环境友好。因此,ZVMg作为一种环境友好型高效还原剂,在环境修复领域具有较大应用潜力。
ZVMg应用于污染物去除的研究始于20世纪末期[7],1998~2021年间,Web of Science上可统计的关于ZVMg降解污染物的文章50篇左右,而国内几乎没有相关研究。ZVMg与水之间发生强烈的腐蚀-钝化作用可能是限制其应用的重要因素[8];此外,对于ZVMg进入水环境后的生态影响及较高的使用成本等问题,目前尚缺少详细研究结果以支持ZVMg的环境应用。由于ZVMg具有负电位(<<−1 VSHE),其与水反应将在短时间内生成大量的H2[8],同时pH快速升至10以上,并且Mg2+和OH−生成的Mg(OH)2沉淀层抑制Mg传递电子,导致ZVMg的还原效率降低[9-10],这与ZVI在水中的钝化机制类似。同时,由于ZVMg具有较高的氧化还原电势,很难通过化学还原方法得到纳米级的ZVMg,目前主要集中于微米颗粒的研究[11]。因此,虽然ZVMg在去除环境污染物方面具有较多优势,但目前仍存在较多问题。本文旨在详细介绍ZVMg的制备方法与性质特征,重点评述ZVMg独特的腐蚀特性和近年来ZVMg材料用于处理不同污染物的研究进展,指出现有研究存在问题及未来应用面临的挑战,并展望了ZVMg未来的研究方向,以期为ZVMg在环境修复领域的研究与应用提供关键理论基础。
零价镁材料在环境修复领域的研究进展
Research progresses of zero-valent magnesium application in environmental remediation
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摘要: 零价镁(ZVMg)金属化学活性强,在空气中易稳定保存,是一种环境友好的高效还原型修复材料,对多种有机污染物和重金属具有很好的去除效果,具有较大的环境修复应用潜力。文章综述了近20年来 ZVMg对环境污染物去除的研究进展,重点阐述了ZVMg材料的还原特性、制备方法及其对污染物的去除效率和反应机理,指出了目前ZVMg材料应用于环境修复所面临的问题与挑战,并展望了未来ZVMg在污染场地治理领域的研究方向和应用前景。Abstract: Zero-valent magnesium (ZVMg) is an environment-friendly and efficient reductant with a high reactivity and a good stability in the atomsphere. It has an excellent performance on the removal of numerous organic and heavy metal pollutants, and a great application potential in the environmental remediation. This paper reviews on the research progresses of ZVMg to remove environmental pollutants in the past 20 years, focusing on ZVMg’s reducing characteristics and preparation methods, pollutants removal efficiency and reaction mechanisms. Accordingly, the present difficulties and challenges on the application of ZVMg in the field of the environmental remediation are highlighted. Future research areas and application prospects for the utilization of ZVMg-based materials in the environmental remediation are also prospected.
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表 1 ZVMg或Mg的双金属材料还原去除污染物研究总结
材料 制备方法 投加量/g·L−1 污染物 初始浓度/mg·L−1 反应溶液 反应速率常数/min−1
(除非特别标注)去除率/% 参考文献 商业镁粉 - 2 硝酸盐 50 水溶液 0.35 91 [37] 商业镁粉 - 0.65 硝酸盐 90 水溶液 - 80 [36] Mg/Ag 湿式化学沉淀法 5 五氯苯酚 10 丙酮、乙醇 30 a > 85 [14, 38] Mg/Pd 湿式化学沉淀法 25 2-氯联苯 4 丙酮 0.33 > 90 [11] Mg/Pd 湿式化学沉淀法 10, 12 多氯联苯 3 乙醇 - > 90 [11] Mg/Pd 湿式化学沉淀法 4、6 2-氯联苯 4 乙醇、丙酮 - > 99 [39] ZVMg/Ag 湿式化学沉淀法 0.5 4-氯苯酚 10 - - 99 [12] Mg/Zn 湿式化学沉淀法 2.5 对硝基苯酚 19.8 - 0.066 9 - [40] Mg/Cu、Mg/Ni、Mg/Zn 湿式化学沉淀法 5 2,4-二硝基苯甲醚 250 水溶液 - 35~100 [41] Mg/Pd 机械球磨 25 多氯联苯 5 甲醇 0.002 26~0.007 16 a > 90 [5] Mg/Pd 机械球磨 25 多氯联苯 20 甲醇 1.72×10−4 a 80 [42] ZVMg 机械球磨 50 多氯联苯 1 乙醇 - > 94 [43] Mg/Pd 机械球磨 25 多氯联苯 10 甲醇 0.001 76 a - [44] ZVMg/C 机械球磨 25~50 多环芳烃 44.9~250 乙醇/乙酸
乙酯0.000 128~0.004 3 66~97 [18, 20, 45] ZVMg/C 机械球磨 50 五氯苯酚 20 乙醇 0.038 3~0.237 37~99 [18, 20, 45] ZVMg/C 机械球磨 50 六氯苯 20 乙醇/乳酸
乙酯0.222 99 [10] ZVMg, ZVMg/AC 机械球磨 50 八氯二苯并呋喃、
2,8-二氯二苯并呋喃20 乙醇 0.000 269~0.251 9 > 99 [19] 2-丁氧基乙醇 0.000 503~0.338 ZVMg 超声活化 5 硝酸盐 50 水溶液 - 90 [9] 注: a 表示反应速率常数的单位为L·(min·g)−1;- 表示文献里未说明。 -
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