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生物多样性对于人类福祉与生态安全具有重要作用。由于气候变化、人口增长和环境污染等因素的影响,物种的灭绝速度已达背景灭绝速度的100~1 000倍[1-2]。建立自然保护地是阻止生物多样性丧失最有效的方法,截至2018年,我国已经建立了1.18万个自然保护地,约占陆域面积的18%[3],达到了“爱知目标11”提出的到2020年自然保护地覆盖17%陆域面积的目标[4],但由于我国自然保护地建立初期是自下而上建立、以抢救性保护区为主,缺乏系统规划[5-6],保护与发展矛盾突出,严重制约了我国自然保护地的有效性,生物多样性仍然存在保护空缺[6-7]。《2020年后全球生物多样性框架》[7]提出保护至少30%的地球,因此急需扩建自然保护地网络以加强对我国生物多样性的就地保护,重点关注对生物多样性特别重要的领域。
系统保护规划(systematic conservation planning,SCP)是保护优先区确定中较为常用的方法,通过考虑保护区大小、连通性、边界长度以及建立保护区所需社会和经济成本,同时实现生物多样性保护目标和保护成本最小化[8]。随着研究的发展,系统保护规划软件也越来越多,MARXAN、C-Plan和Zonation等软件是系统保护规划最常用的决策支持工具[9-12],通常与保护空缺分析(A geographic approach to protection of biological diversity, GAP)相结合,评估现有自然保护地对生物多样性保护优先区域的保护空缺,为自然保护地建设提供重要信息,已在全球和区域尺度上得到了广泛应用[8, 12-15]。
哺乳动物是自然保护地建设的主要保护对象之一,对哺乳动物的保护也能对其他类群的物种起到伞护作用[16-17]。我国作为世界上哺乳动物多样性最丰富的国家[17],已经建立了以哺乳动物为主要保护对象的大熊猫国家公园、东北虎豹国家公园及羌塘、可可西里和阿尔金山等国家级自然保护区[18-18],但目前约56%的哺乳动物未受到较好保护[18],自然保护地覆盖的保护关键区域比例仍旧较低[3],其建设仍然需要加强对哺乳动物的关注。因此,本文以珍稀濒危哺乳动物为研究对象,采用系统保护规划中应用最广泛的MARXAN软件,进行保护优先区评价,并结合空缺分析方法评估了哺乳动物的保护效果,提出了自然保护地规划的建议,以期为青藏高原自然保护体系的优化整合提供参考。
青藏高原珍稀濒危哺乳动物保护优先区评价与空缺分析
Conservation priority areas appraisal and gap analysis of rare mammals on Tibet Plateau
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摘要: 保护优先区的确定对于提升保护资源的利用效率、提高生物多样性保护成效非常重要。文章采用系统保护规划和空缺分析的方法,评估了青藏高原自然保护地对83种珍稀哺乳动物的保护成效。结果表明:珍稀哺乳动物的保护优先区主要分布在喜马拉雅东部、羌塘高原西北部、三江源西北部、横断山南段和川西北的山系;现有的自然保护地覆盖了50.6%的保护优先区和96.4%的物种,其中61.5%的物种保护效果好,34.9%的物种保护不足,仍有3.6%的物种未受到任何保护。建议在三江并流区域、雅鲁藏布大峡谷和羌塘高原建立国家公园,在青藏高原东部、南横断山建立保护区群,加强保护地之间的连接性,研究结果可为青藏高原自然保护地体系的优化整合提供借鉴。Abstract: Identifying conservation priority areas (CPAs) is important to enhance the efficiency of conservation resources utilization and the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation. This study assessed the conservation effectiveness of 83 rare mammals on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) by a systematic conservation planning and a gap analysis, which showed the CPAs for rare mammals were mainly distributed in the eastern Himalaya, northwestern Qiangtang Plateau, northwestern Sanjiangyuan, southern Hengduan Mountains and the mountains in northwestern Sichuan. 50.6% of the CPAs and 96.4% of the species were protected by Protected areas (PAs). 61.5% species were well protected, while 34.9% were partially protected, and 3.6% remained unprotected. Some suggestions were proposed including establishing National Parks in the Three Parallel Rivers, Yarlung Zangbu Grand Canyon, and the Qiangtang Plateau, establishing protected area clusters in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the southern Hengduan Mountains to enhance the connectivity of the PAs. The results support the optimization and integration of the protected areas in the QTP.
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Key words:
- Qinghai-Tibet Plateau /
- mammals /
- conservation priority areas /
- MARXAN /
- gap analysis /
- protected areas
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