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随着我国城市化进程的加快和人民生活水平的提高,轨道交通迎来了跨越式的发展,选择乘坐地铁的人数也随之增加,地铁目前已成为人们日常出行最常用的交通工具之一[1]。然而,随着地铁越来越普及,地铁站及地铁车厢中空气质量问题逐渐凸显出来,人们越来越注重地铁车厢环境的健康效应。
在地铁站及车厢中,常见的空气污染物主要有颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)、挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)和细菌等[2]。其中VOCs是车厢内具有代表性的污染性气体,其来源广泛,成分复杂。大多数VOCs有令人不适的气味且会危害健康,对人体健康影响较大[3]。世界卫生组织(WHO)对VOCs的定义是指在熔点低于室温而沸点在50~260 ℃之间的挥发性有机化合物的总称[4],包括烷烃类、烯烃类、芳烃类、醛类、醇类、酯类、酮类等[5]。根据WHO报道,VOCs中具有使人致癌的物质,例如三氯乙烯、苯、甲苯、二甲苯等[6],这些物质会使人患呼吸道疾病[7]、神经系统障碍和诱发白血病[8],甚至会致人死亡。
地铁站作为一种特殊的建筑,结构紧凑,通风性能差,污染物容易积聚[9]。许多研究[10-12]表明,地铁内的VOCs质量浓度有超标的现象。JI等[13]研究发现,南京地铁站内TVOCs的质量浓度为1 027.6~1 801.8 μg·m−3,超过国家标准限值。ZHANG等[14]测定了上海5个地铁站站台层的苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯质量浓度值分别为(10.3±2.1)、(38.7±9.0)、(19.4±10.1)和(30.0±11.1) μg·m−3。PARK等[15]发现,韩国首尔地铁站甲醛污染水平为(15.4±7.2) μg·m−3,TVOCs污染水平为(169.5±55.6) μg·m−3。地铁内污染物质量浓度较高,会对人群健康造成影响[16-18]。NYSTRÖM等[19]通过对20名工作在地铁站的志愿者健康监测发现,地铁站内的VOCs污染会对人体呼吸道产生潜在影响。地铁车厢相对于地铁站而言环境更为密闭,车厢内部主要通过通风系统来对空气品质量进行调节[20]。FENG等[21]发现上海3条线路的地铁车厢VOCs污染水平为23.8~90.9 μg·m−3。CHEN等[22]对中国台湾北部地铁车厢TVOCs进行测定,冬季体积分数为6.4×10−8,夏季体积分数为7.38×10−7。GONG等[23]研究发现,列车内VOCs体积分数对人体的暴露水平为8.5×10−6~4.8×10−5,会对人群造成轻度致癌风险。
地铁站及车厢内VOCs来源一般分为内部来源和外界来源。内部来源通常有站内及车厢内的部分设施[24]和人员散发[25]。设施通过黏合剂材料和装饰材料挥发产生VOCs [26]。李人哲等[27]对轨道客车司机室内的VOCs进行溯源发现,内饰板散发的苯甲醛质量浓度为27.49 μg·m−3,对车内VOCs的来源贡献最大。已有研究[28]表明,人员散发对室内的VOCs质量浓度的贡献率约为40%。高峰期时随着人员的增多,VOCs的质量浓度也会增加[29]。GONG等[23]发现,车厢乘客数量从40人增加到200人,丙酮和丙烯醛的质量浓度从7.71 μg·m−3增至26.28 μg·m−3。外部来源主要由人员流动[30]和通风系统换气引起[31]。人员行走时,VOCs随空气流动扩散,造成其他地方污染增加。通风管理不当使外界高质量浓度VOCs进入地铁站或车厢内,也会导致VOCs污染水平升高[32]。由此可见,地铁车厢内VOCs质量浓度受许多因素综合影响[33],故对地铁站及车厢内VOCs进行系统研究至关重要。但目前对VOCs种类、来源及影响因素并未进行全方面的报道较少。
本研究针对成都地铁部分线路和站点,通过采样泵和Tenax-TA采样管进行现场采样,用GC-MS分析地铁站台及车厢中VOCs的主要种类,探究人员密集程度与车厢内VOCs质量浓度的关系,分析通风系统对车厢内VOCs质量浓度的影响,探索地铁站内站厅层和站台层VOCs的空间分布变化并确定地铁站及车厢内VOCs的种类和影响因素,旨在为相关部门制定地铁系统VOCs污染防治相关政策提供数据支撑,从而有效控制地铁站以及车厢内VOCs质量浓度、降低乘客健康风险。
成都市地铁站及车厢内挥发性有机化合物种类探究及影响因素分析
Investigation of volatile organic compounds types in Chengdu metro stations and carriages and their influencing factor analysis
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摘要: 为探究成都地铁站及车厢内部挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)种类、来源及影响因素,使用恒流气体采样器和TENAX-TA 采样管,对不同路线不同人流量期间地铁车厢内、车厢通风口和站台内部(站厅层和站台层)空气进行采样,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对车厢内VOCs进行分析。结果表明:地铁站及车厢内部VOCs主要以烷烯烃类和苯系物为主,分别占污染物种类的42.59%和27.78%;高峰期时段车厢内VOCs整体质量浓度(46.47±3.2) μg·m−3略高于非高峰期时段(41.35±3.82) μg·m−3;地铁机械通风系统可以有效稀释车厢内VOCs质量浓度;站厅层VOCs质量浓度(44.99±13.84) μg·m−3高于站台层的质量浓度(35.05±11.28) μg·m−3。由此可以看出,成都地铁内VOCs污染种类受人员密集、大气环境和通风设施等综合因素影响。本研究成果可为西南地区地铁系统VOCs污染的监管和防治提供数据支撑,亦可为相关部门提高地铁内部空气质量、降低乘客健康风险决策的制定提供参考。Abstract: Aiming to investigate the types, sources, and influencing factors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) inside Chengdu metro stations and carriages, a constant flow gas sampler and a TENAX-TA sampling tube were used to sample the air inside the metro carriages, at the carriage vents, and inside the platforms (station hall layer and platform layer) during different pedestrian flows on different routes. The sampled VOCs were analyzed by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the VOCs inside the stations and carriages were mainly alkyl olefins and benzenes, accounting for 42.59% and 27.78% of the air pollutants, respectively. The total VOCs mass concentration in the carriages was (46.47±3.2) μg·m−3 during peak hours, which was slightly higher than (41.35±3.82) μg·m−3 during off-peak hours. The mechanical ventilation system of the metro could effectively dilute the VOCs mass concentration in the carriages. The VOCs mass concentration at the station hall layer was (44.99±13.84) μg·m−3, which was higher than (35.05±11.28) μg·m−3 at the platform layer. VOCs pollution in the Chengdu metro was comprehensively influenced by diverse factors such as people flow, atmospheric environment, and ventilation facilities. This study can provide a support for the regulation and prevention of VOCs pollution in the metro system in Southwest China, also provide a reference for making decisions to improve the air quality inside the metro and reduce health risks to passengers.
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表 1 采样线路、采样时刻及路段范围
Table 1. Sampling lines, sampling moments and section ranges
采样线路 非高峰期
采样时刻高峰期
采样时刻采样路段 1号线 14:00—16:00 17:00—19:00 高新站—麓湖站 4号线 14:00—16:00 17:00—19:00 玉双路站—非遗公园站 6号线 14:00—16:00 17:00—19:00 西南交大站—金石路站 7号线 14:00—16:00 17:00—19:00 花照壁站—琉璃场站 18号线 14:00—16:00 17:00—19:00 孵化园站—三岔站 表 2 7号线地铁站采样情况
Table 2. Sampling information of line 7 metro stations
采样站点 非高峰期采样时刻 是否为换乘站 九里堤站 14:00—16:00 否 西南交大站 14:00—16:00 是(与6号线换乘) 槐树店站 14:00—16:00 否 八里庄站 14:00—16:00 否 太平园站 14:00—16:00 是(与3、10号线换乘) 表 3 成都地铁系统VOCs浓度与国内外相关规范中质量浓度限制比较
Table 3. Comparison of VOCs mass concentrations in the metro system and limits in relevant standards
种类 车厢质量浓度/
(μg·m−3)站台质量浓度/
(μg·m−3)GB/T 18883-2002[34]
质量浓度限制/(μg·m−3)GB/T 27630-2011[43]
质量浓度限制/(μg·m−3)WHO质量浓度限制/
(μg·m−3)苯 1.13~2.35 0.78~1.55 110 110 — 甲苯 2.34~5.07 3.82~9.52 200 1 100 — 二甲苯 0.62~5.16 0.29~9.28 200 1 500 4 800 乙苯 0.55~2.13 0.73~2.75 — 1 500 — 苯乙烯 0.55~1.56 0.59~1.42 — 260 260 注:GB/T 18883-2002为室内空气质量标准;其余2类分别为中国和WHO的乘用车空气质量标准。 -
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