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以传统活性污泥法为主的污水处理工艺存在能耗高、污泥产量大、温室气体排放量大等问题[1]。厌氧生物处理技术可将污水中的有机质转化为甲烷,还具有无需曝气、剩余污泥量小等优点,已成为双碳政策驱动下的污水处理研究领域的热点[2-3]。然而,由于厌氧工艺的出水具有低化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)和低COD/N的特征,在不额外投加碳源情况下,传统的硝化反硝化工艺难以实现高效脱氮。
部分硝化/厌氧氨氧化(partial nitrification/anaerobic ammonia oxidation,PN/A)是基于氨氧化菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)和厌氧氨氧化菌(anammox bacteria)两种自养菌的新型污水脱氮工艺,适于处理低COD、低COD/N的厌氧工艺出水[4],可节约至少60%的曝气量,且具有剩余污泥量极少、自养脱氮过程无需外加碳源(理论上)等优势。将PN/A工艺用于高浓度含氮废水(如垃圾渗滤液)的处理,效果良好且稳定[5]。而对于低TN的城市污水,由于缺乏游离
${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $ -N(free nitrous acid,FNA)和游离${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ -N (free ammonia,FA)对亚硝氮氧化菌(Nitrite oxidizing bacteria,NOB)的抑制,会导致系统产生过多${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ -N而出现${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $ -N不足等问题,故PN过程难以长期高效稳定运行[6-7]。因此,探究城市污水处理中PN/A工艺的调控和优化显得尤为重要。一些研究者将厌氧生物处理与膜分离结合组成的厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)与PN/A耦联,用于城市污水处理[8-10]。其中,由于在PN/A各单元中COD和氮素的转化路径与污泥形态和微生物种群结构等因素之间的相互关联机制、在低碳氮比条件下AnMBR出水有机物可能驱动的潜在部分反硝化(Partial denitrification,PD)过程[11]对
${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ -N强化脱除效果,以及PN/A的协同脱氮机理尚不明晰,使得该工艺的设计和运行仍缺乏切实依据。本研究以模拟城市污水AnMBR单元出水为研究对象,系统考察了HRT为10、8、6和4 h的条件下PN/A系统的脱氮性能,结合不同HRT条件下anammox段内的污泥形态结构(包括污泥粒径、荧光原位杂交(FISH)等数据)和微生物种群结构分析,并通过解析PN/A系统内典型物质的转化路径,进一步明确系统中主要的脱氮路径及其对脱氮效率的贡献,以期筛选出最优运行参数,为PN/A耦合厌氧生物处理单元的应用提供参考。
部分硝化/厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)工艺对城市污水厌氧处理单元出水的强化脱氮效果
Enhanced nitrogen removal efficiency of partial nitrification/anaerobic ammonia oxidation (PN/A) on the effluent of municipal wastewater anaerobic treatment unit
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摘要: 为探究部分硝化/厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)工艺对城市污水厌氧处理工艺出水的强化脱氮效能,以厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)出水为研究对象,比较了不同水力停留时间(HRT)下(10、8、6和4 h),PN/A系统的脱氮效率、代谢路径及微生物群落及结构特征。结果表明:随着HRT的逐渐降低,PN/A系统的脱氮效率呈现先升高后降低的趋势;HRT为6 h时脱氮效率达到最高,为81.3%;在稳定运行期间,出水TN和COD分别低至(11.97±2.44 mg)·L−1和(9.98±3.42) mg·L−1;随着HRT缩短至4 h,anammox菌丰度随着氮负荷升高而有所提升,但水力冲刷过强破坏污泥形态等原因导致了系统脱氮效率的下降。通过对系统内COD与氮素转化的核算可知,厌氧氨氧化段内发生的部分反硝化(PD)过程是使系统脱氮效率明显提升的根本原因,而HRT为6 h时大约19%的
${{\rm{NO}}_2^{-}} $ -N由PD提供。本研究证明了PN/A系统作为城市污水主流脱氮工艺的可行性,可为该系统的应用提供参考。-
关键词:
- 部分硝化/厌氧氨氧化 /
- 部分反硝化 /
- 水力停留时间 /
- 代谢路径 /
- 微生物群落结构
Abstract: In order to explore the enhanced nitrogen removal efficiency of partial nitrification/anaerobic ammonia oxidation (PN/A) process on the effluent of municipal wastewater anaerobic treatment process, the effluent of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) was taken as the research object, and the nitrogen removal efficiency, metabolic path, microbial community and structure characteristics of PN/A system under different hydraulic retention times (HRT) (10, 8, 6 and 4 h) were compared. The results showed that with the gradual decrease of HRT, the nitrogen removal efficiency of PN/A system increased first and then decreased. When HRT was 6 h, the nitrogen removal efficiency reached the highest, which was 81.3%. During stable operation, the total nitrogen (TN) and total chemical oxygen demand (COD) in effluent were as low as (11.97±2.44) mg∙L−1 and (9.98±3.42) mg∙L−1, respectively. With the reduction of HRT to 4 h, the abundance of anammox bacteria increased with the increased of nitrogen load, while the nitrogen removal efficiency of the system decreased due to strong hydraulic scouring and destruction of sludge morphology. According to the calculation of COD and nitrogen conversion in the system, partial denitrification (PD) process in the Anammox section was the fundamental reason for the significant improvement of nitrogen removal efficiency of the system, about 19% of${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $ -N was provided by PD process when the HRT was 6 h. The research results proved the feasibility of PN/A system as the mainstream nitrogen removal process of municipal wastewater, which can provide reference for the application of the system. -
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