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砷作为一种剧毒的类金属,其毒性与砷的价态有很强的相关性:As(Ⅲ) > As(Ⅴ). 研究报告表明,天然水体中的砷浓度范围很广,从小于0.5 μg·L−1到大于5000 μg·L−1,地热水中的砷浓度甚至可达50 mg·L−1,在地下水缺氧环境中,As(Ⅲ)是主要形态[1]. 全球约有9400万人至2.2亿人可能接触到高砷浓度的地下水,其中绝大多数(94%)在亚洲[2]. 美国和中国都参照世界卫生组织规定要求饮用水中砷的浓度不得高于10 μg·L−1. As(Ⅲ)对混凝剂和吸附剂的亲和力较弱,As(Ⅲ)相较于As(Ⅴ)更难去除,将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ)是提高总砷去除的关键步骤[3]. 通过氯和臭氧等化学氧化手段可以将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ),但很可能产生有毒副产物;通过UV/Fe[4]、UV/TiO2[5]、UV/碘化物[6]、UV/氢氧化铁[7]等方法可以将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ),但引入了金属离子,不利于环境安全. H2O2在pH > 9.0时可以氧化As(Ⅲ)[8],且H2O2作为一种温和无害的氧化剂,具有绿色氧化过程,不会产生有害的副产物,但由于H2O2运输困难、不易保存,因此H2O2的原位产生技术受到了广泛关注.
MB+[9]是一种知名的噻嗪光敏剂,被大量用作染色剂、光催化剂、抗氧化剂、防腐剂和单态氧敏剂等使用,能够在光照下产生单线态氧(1O2). 除MB+外,核黄素[10]、血卟啉衍生物[11]、联吡啶钌[12]和亚甲基紫[13]等光敏剂在光照下也能够产生和MB+类似的效应. 由于MB+等噻嗪染料价格低廉,光照下对水体中污染物具有较好的氧化效果[14],受到国内外学者的广泛研究. 乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)[15]、H2A[16]、亚硫酸盐[17]等还原剂存在下的MB+的光化学现象已有诸多报道. 当不存在还原剂时,MB+通过光敏化过程(反应1 −3)产生1O2[15]. 但还原形式的无色亚甲基蓝(LMB)只有在还原剂存在时通过反应(4)和(5)才产生,其中Rred和Rox分别表示还原剂的还原形式和氧化形式,反应(6)为反应(4)和反应(5)的总式. 此外,还原性的染料自由基(半还原性MB+·)在没有O2存在时是稳定的,在O2存在时,MB+·会失去其未成对电子,产生过氧化氢自由基(HO2·)(反应(7))[18]. 抗坏血酸(H2A)是常见的抗氧化剂,具有较强的还原性,被广泛应用于有机污染物的降解[19-20]. 已有研究表明H2A/MB+在可见光激发下能够产生抗坏血酸自由基(A·−),进而还原分子氧产生H2O2(反应(8)和反应(9))[21]. 因此,在某些还原剂存在时,MB+的光解可能会诱导分子氧的活化. MB+在许多行业和化学实验室中得到了广泛的应用(如著名的“蓝瓶子”实验). MB+排放前需要对其进行处理,将废弃MB+用来处理其它污染物不失为更好的应用.
本研究拟探索可见光/MB+/H2A体系氧化水中As(Ⅲ)的可行性与内在机理,考察了光照、pH、H2A浓度、MB+浓度、As(Ⅲ)初始浓度及水中常见阴离子(Cl−、HCO3−、NO3−)和有机质富里酸(FA)对As(Ⅲ)氧化的影响. 通过活性物种识别(自由基清除实验)和溶液光谱变化确定了可见光/MB+/H2A体系氧化As(Ⅲ)的主要活性物种及其生成机理.
可见光/亚甲基蓝/抗坏血酸活化分子氧氧化水中的As(Ⅲ)
Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) in water by visible light/methylene blue/ascorbic acid activated molecular oxygen
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摘要: 本文研究了可见光/亚甲基蓝(MB+)/抗坏血酸(H2A)活化分子氧体系(可见光/MB+/H2A体系)氧化水中三价砷(As(Ⅲ))的过程与机理. 考察了光照、pH、H2A浓度、MB+浓度、As(Ⅲ)初始浓度及水中常见阴离子和有机质的对As(Ⅲ)氧化效率的影响,通过自由基抑制实验和溶液光谱变化鉴定了体系中的活性物种及其生成机理. 实验结果表明,光照对As(Ⅲ)的氧化有明显促进作用;在pH=8.0—9.5范围内,As(Ⅲ)的氧化随着pH的升高而加快;pH=9.5条件下,H2A剂量的增加对As(Ⅲ)的氧化呈现先促进后趋于稳定的趋势,H2A最佳投加量为300 μmol·L−1;MB+最佳投加量为5 mg·L−1. 机理研究表明,H2A和分子氧之间的双电子反应产生的H2O2是可见光/MB+/H2A体系活化分子氧体系中氧化As(Ⅲ)的主要活性物种. MB+经可见光激发后通过促进A·−的产生进而产生H2O2. 基于同样机制,另外两种噻嗪染料(劳氏紫和天青B)在可见光/H2A体系中也能促进As(Ⅲ)的氧化.
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关键词:
- 三价砷(As(Ⅲ)) /
- 抗坏血酸(H2A) /
- 可见光 /
- 亚甲基蓝(MB+) /
- 过氧化氢(H2O2).
Abstract: The oxidation process and mechanism for As(Ⅲ) oxidation in water with visible light/methylene blue(MB+)/ascorbic acid(H2A) activated molecular oxygen (visible light/MB+/H2A system) were systematically investigated in this work. The effects of light, pH, H2A concentration, MB+ concentration, initial concentration of As(Ⅲ), common anions and organic matter in water on the oxidation efficiency of As(Ⅲ) were examined. The active species and its formation mechanism in the system were identified by free radical inhibition assay and spectral changes. Results show that light can promote the oxidation of As(Ⅲ). In the range of pH 8.0—9.5, the oxidation rate of As(Ⅲ) increases with the increase of pH. At pH 9.5, as the dosage of H2A increase, the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) was promoted first and then remained unchanged. The optimum dosages of H2A and MB+ were 300 μmol·L−1 and 5 mg·L−1, respectively. H2O2 is the main active species for the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) in the visible light/MB+/H2A system. MB+ enhances H2O2 generation by promoting the production of A·− via visible light excitation. Based on the same mechanism, two other thiazine dyes, thionine and Azure B, can also accelerate the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) in the visible light/H2A system. -
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