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抗生素因其具有抗菌谱广、抗菌力强、结构简单、活性强等特点,在医疗业、畜牧业及水产养殖业发挥着重要的作用。但抗生素不能被生物体有效的吸收代谢[1],约70%—80%的抗生素会进入水生系统[2],且在环境中长期存在,除了会造成化学药物污染外,长期接触抗生素也会对生物体造成慢性毒性影响[3],诱导细菌产生抗生素抗性基因(ARGs),造成一系列生态问题[4]。对生态系统和人类健康存在不利的影响。环丙沙星(CIP)是一种典型的氟喹诺酮类抗生素,也是世界范围内应用最广泛的抗生素之一。由于环丙沙星在水环境中广泛残留,近年来,在中国的地表水源、淡水养殖环境、海水养殖环境和养殖生物中均被检出[1, 5-9],由于其卤代的杂环结构,在常规的废水处理工艺中很难被去除。因此,亟需找到一种能够高效去除废水中环丙沙星的技术。
高级氧化工艺(AOPs)对于难降解药物和个人护理产品(PPCPs)的降解非常有效,紫外/氯组合工艺作为作为一种新兴的高级氧化工艺,是一种很有应用前景的水处理技术。该工艺主要借助紫外线辐照氯从而激发产生的·OH和活性氯物种(RCS)(包括氯自由基Cl·、氧化氯·ClO、二氯自由基·Cl2等)来氧化降解有机污染物,其中,HO·是一种非选择性氧化剂,氧化电位约为2.80 V[10],能够与有机物快速反应;活性氯物种(Cl·、·ClO、·
${\rm{Cl}}_2^-$ )的氧化还原电位分别为2.47 V、1.5—1.8 V、2.0 V[10-12],活性氯是选择性的氧化剂,可通过单电子氧化、吸氢和不饱和碳碳键与富电子部分反应[13]。上述这些活性自由基在氧化反应中具有协同增效的作用,共同参与降解有机污染物[14-15]。近年来,紫外/氯高级氧化工艺被广泛用于去除水中的新型有机污染物,如磺胺甲恶唑[16]、氯贝酸[17]、美托洛尔[14]、二碘乙酰胺[18]、甲硝唑[19]等。作为水环境中常见有机污染物,近年来有许多利用高级氧化方法去除环丙沙星的研究,包括中压紫外线激活过氧单硫酸盐(MPUV/PMS)[20],紫外臭氧(UV/O3)[21]、紫外激活过硫酸盐(UV/PS)[22]等,但这些关于环丙沙星的去除研究主要集中于饮用水,系统研究紫外/氯高级氧化组合工艺降解废水中环丙沙星报道较少。因此,本文采用模拟的环丙沙星废水为研究对象,开展紫外/氯高级氧化工艺降解环丙沙星效能研究,分别从影响因素、反应动力学、降解产物、毒性效应等方面阐述废水中环丙沙星的降解效能与机理,并对降解工艺进行经济成本分析,进而为紫外/氯组合工艺用于废水中环丙沙星的去除提供理论基础与数据支撑。
紫外/氯组合工艺降解环丙沙星废水的效能、机理及毒性
UV/chlorine as an advanced oxidation process for the degradation of ciprofloxacin:Degradation efficiency, mechanism and toxicity evaluation
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摘要: 环丙沙星是一种被广泛使用的氟喹诺酮类抗生素,在水体环境中经常被检测到,常规废水处理工艺对其去除效果有限,对水环境安全构成潜在威胁。本文拟采用紫外/氯组合工艺处理环丙沙星废水,系统研究其降解环丙沙星的效能、机理及毒性效应。考察了不同氯投加量、溶液pH、常见阴离子、腐殖酸浓度等环境因素对环丙沙星(CIP)降解效能的影响,并探究了CIP的降解路径以及产物毒性。结果表明,单独氯化和单独紫外对CIP的去除有限,而紫外/氯组合工艺对CIP的去除效果较好,去除率高达99.31%。当氯投加量由0.07 mmol·L−1增加至0.42 mmol·L−1,CIP的降解速率由0.078 min−1增加至0.106 min−1。中性反应条件更有利于CIP氧化降解。水体中存在的硝酸根离子、天然有机物和牛血清蛋白不同程度抑制CIP的降解。CIP降解过程中,共鉴定出9种氧化产物,阐述了CIP的几种降解途径。小球藻毒性试验和ECOSAR分析结果表明CIP氧化降解过程中产生了毒性较高的中间产物。经济成本分析结果表明紫外/氯组合工艺可用于处理环丙沙星废水。Abstract: Ciprofloxacin is a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic frequently detected in the aqueous environment and poses a threat to environmental safety. To effectively remove the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, which is difficult to remove by conventional water treatment processes, the degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) by UV/ chlorine processes was evaluated. The efficacy of the process in degrading ciprofloxacin was investigated, and the degradation effect of ciprofloxacin was studied under different conditions of chlorine concentration, pH, common anion concentration and humic acid concentration, The degradation pathway of CIP and the toxicity of CIP products were explored. The results showed that compared with direct photolysis and Individual chlorination, UV/chlorine has a more pronounced CIP degradation efficiency. Remarkable CIP degradation was observed in the UV/chlorine system. the removal percentage of CIP can be reached to 99. 31%. The increase of oxidant dosing could promote the degradation of CIP, When the oxidant concentration increases from 0.07 mmol·L−1 to 0.42 mmol·L−1, the degradation rate constant reduces from 0.078 min−1 to 0.106 min−1.The CIP degradation could be improved under neutral conditions, while the presence of nitrate ions, natural organicmatter(NOM) and Bovine albumin (BSA) in the water inhibited the degradation of CIP. intermediates were identified by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The possible degradation pathways were proposed based on the intermediate products. The results of the Chlorella toxicity test and ECOSAR analysis indicate that highly toxic intermediates are produced during the oxidative degradation of CIP. The electrical energy per order (EE/O) analysis showed that UV/chlorine process was a less energy consumption process, providing a feasible method for the treatment of ciprofloxacin in wastewater.
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表 1 实际水体水质参数
Table 1. Water quality parameter of actual water bodies
水质参数
Water quality parameter实际水体1
Aquaculture water 1实际水体2
Aquaculture water 2实际水体3
Aquaculture water 3pH 9.06 8.55 9.47 NH4+-N/(mg·L−1) 1.16 0.89 1.36 NO3-N/(mg·L−1) 3.84 2.68 7.85 TP/(mg·L−1) 0.11 0.28 0.49 CODMn/(mg·L−1) 15.65 13.65 17.68 表 2 基于ECOSAR软件分析评估CIP及主要氧化产物的急性毒性结果(mg ·L−1)
Table 2. Estimated acute toxicity of CIP and its intermediates using ECOSAR software (mg · L−1)
物质 Compouds 鱼
Fish水蚤
Daphnia绿藻
Green algae96h-LC50 ChV 48h-LC50 ChV 96h-EC50 ChV CIP 13100 1550 1240 81.3 1620 455 C-1 1070 122 102 6.78 130 36.9 C-2 6.04 0.212 0.850 0.082 0.505 0.189 C-3 8.17 0.313 1.12 0.105 0.702 0.258 C-4 47300 7700 4020 238 6470 1680 C-5 899 12.4 42.8 0.488 128 47.9 C-6 237000 194000 330000 30500 121000 14400 C-7 141000 29000 11100 609 20800 5120 -
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