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春节是我国传统节日,在除夕夜间到初一凌晨人们往往会集中燃放大量烟花,造成短时间内排放大量污染物,空气质量迅速恶化,对人体健康产生危害[1]。我国重点城市针对烟花爆竹燃放影响空气质量的问题开展了广泛研究,2015年除夕北京市区烟花爆竹排放PM2.5总量约为2.13×105 kg,可以在短时间内对北京市造成严重的大气污染,烟花爆竹的燃放对北京市PM2.5化学组分中的K+、
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 、Cl−、Mg2+和Na+等影响最大[2-4];天津市春节烟花爆竹集中燃放期间PM2.5主要化学组分为K+、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 和Cl−,同时SO2和CO质量浓度显著升高,但EC和OC质量浓度并未明显增加[5];西安市春节烟花爆竹燃放最丰富的离子是K+,在PM2.5中占比达到28%,其次是${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 和Cl−,占比分别为25%和18%[6];烟花爆竹燃放会造成南京市除夕0:00—2:00污染物浓度急剧增加并累积[7];在珠三角地区,烟花燃放对SO2、PM10和PM2.5浓度的短期影响极大,对CO、O3和NO2没有明显的影响[8],对PM2.5水溶性离子中的K+、Cl−和${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 的影响最大,${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 、${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 也存在一定程度的影响[9]。其它部分重点城市[10-16]也相继开展了燃放烟花爆竹对环境空气质量影响的研究。为有效控制春节期间烟花爆竹对空气质量造成的影响,部分重点城市开始实施春节期间烟花爆竹禁燃政策,已有研究表明烟花爆竹禁燃可以取得较好的效果。有学者对2018年京津冀及周边地区2+26个城市的烟花禁放效果进行了评估,表明烟花禁限放措施起到了显著的污染削峰,其中淄博市、济南市、北京市降幅最大,分别下降了85.2%、74.6%和65.2%[17];2015年南京市春节禁燃后,PM2.5平均质量浓度同比改善了56%[18];郴州市实施禁燃措施后,PM2.5浓度均值同比减少27.6%[19]。
尽管国内对于春节烟花爆竹影响进行了大量研究,但是对于热带城市烟花爆竹影响的研究极少。三亚作为典型的热带城市,日照时数多,热量丰富,气温年较差小,年平均气温高。三亚冬季无需燃煤供暖,工业排放较少,污染物浓度水平较低,且春节期间工业生产、建筑施工等活动水平也大幅降低,本地污染源排放量大幅下降,因此开展烟花爆竹燃放对热带城市三亚空气质量的影响研究可以有助于深入了解烟花爆竹燃放的贡献。对于春节期间由于烟花爆竹燃放造成的空气质量下降问题,海南省人民政府办公厅要求2019年春节期间在三亚市城区禁止燃放烟花爆竹[20]。
本文通过对热带城市三亚2018年和2019年春节期间(禁燃措施实施前后)各项常规污染物浓度、气象条件、PM2.5水溶性离子和OC/EC组分浓度进行分析,研究烟花爆竹集中燃放对三亚市空气质量的影响,并测算了烟花爆竹燃放对PM2.5的贡献量,以期为城市烟花爆竹管控研究提供帮助,为热带城市或空气质量处于较好水平的城市进一步改善空气质量提供参考。
烟花爆竹燃放对三亚市空气质量的影响分析
Influence of burning fireworks on air quality in Sanya City
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摘要: 基于常规污染物浓度、气象观测资料、PM2.5中水溶性离子和OC/EC的化学组分数据,分析了2018年和2019年除夕至初一烟花爆竹燃放对热带城市三亚空气质量的影响,并测算了烟花爆竹燃放对PM2.5浓度和排放量的贡献。结果表明,除夕至初一烟花爆竹燃放会造成PM10、PM2.5、SO2浓度和PM2.5中水溶性离子K+、Cl−、Mg2+和
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 浓度快速上升。与2018年相比,2019年三亚市实施了烟花爆竹燃放严格管控后空气质量明显改善,PM10、PM2.5、SO2小时质量浓度峰值分别下降46.19%、52.50%和84.52%,烟花爆竹燃放对PM2.5小时质量浓度峰值贡献量下降50.77%,除夕至初一24 小时平均时段PM2.5排放量由2.21×103 kg降低为1.45×103 kg。Abstract: Based on concentrations of air pollutants, meteorological data, the chemical compositions data of water soluble ions and OC/EC in PM2.5 in the tropical city of Sanya, the impact of fireworks on the air quality from New Year’s Eve to Lunar New Year’s Day in 2018 and 2019 was analyzed. Moreover, concentrations and emissions increase of PM2.5 due to the fireworks was evaluated. The results indicated that the fireworks caused the rapid rise of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and K+, Cl−, Mg2+,${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ in PM2.5. Fireworks prohibition in 2019 noticeably improved air quality in Sanya in 2019 compared with 2018. The highest 1-hour average mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 decreased by 46.19%, 52.50% and 84.52% in 2019, respectively. In addition, the contribution of 1-hour average fireworks-related PM2.5 mass concentration decreased by 50.55%, and the 24-hour average fireworks-related PM2.5 emissions from New Year’s Eve to Lunar New Year’s Day decreased from 2.21×103 kg in 2018 to 1.45×103 kg in 2019.-
Key words:
- Sanya /
- fireworks /
- air quality /
- PM2.5 /
- chemical compositions
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表 1 集中燃放时段PM2.5与其水溶性离子的相关系数
Table 1. Correlation coefficients between PM2.5 and its water-soluble ions during concentrated combustion period
PM2.5 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ Cl− K+ F− Mg2+ ${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $ ${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ Ca2+ Na+ PM2.5 1.00 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 0.94** 1.00 Cl− 0.89* 0.94** 1.00 K+ 0.94** 1.00** 0.94** 1.00 F− 0.58 0.58 0.76 0.58 1.00 Mg2+ 0.94** 1.00** 0.94** 1.00** 0.58 1.00 ${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $ 0.14 0.26 0.09 0.26 −0.52 0.26 1.00 ${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 0.60 0.71 0.49 0.71 0.15 0.71 0.43 1.00 ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 0.66 0.77 0.60 0.77 0.40 0.77 0.14 0.94** 1.00 Ca2+ 0.83* 0.71 0.83* 0.71 0.76 0.71 −0.26 0.09 0.26 1.00 Na+ 0.09 −0.14 0.03 −0.14 0.15 −0.14 −0.43 −0.71 −0.60 0.54 1.00 **在 0.01 级别(双尾),相关性显著 (** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *在 0.05 级别(双尾),相关性显著 (* Correlation is signigicant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). -
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