-
随着工业化、产业结构的调整和升级,石油已成为不可或缺的一部分,特别是在机械、石油化工、汽车等行业使用量巨大。根据原环境保护部和国土资源部联合发布的《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》(2014年4月17日)[1]显示,实际调查的630万km2陆地国土中,土壤总超标率为16.1%,有机污染物点位超标率为3.8%,其中多环芳烃点位超标率为1.4%,超标点位主要集中在工业废弃地、工业园区、采油区。同时,我国城市化进程及产业化结构布局的调整,大量污染严重的工厂和企业由中心城区逐步搬迁至工业园区,由此导致搬迁后的废弃工业企业遗留了大量石油烃污染场地,面积高达8000 km²[2-3],仍需进行修复和生态风险评价。
开展石油烃污染场地对人体健康土壤生态环境的风险毒性评估,可为后期污染场地的修复、风险管控及长期监测提供参考依据[4]。传统的理化分析检测是污染场地调查的常用手段,但存在着土壤中各类污染物测定不完全、不能反映污染物对人类及动植物的毒性效应、对污染物的遗传和代谢等慢性毒性无法追踪等局限性[5]。因此采用生物、生态毒性测试和理化分析相结合的手段来对污染场地进行综合诊断,可用于反映污染物毒性的复杂性、叠加性,并通过生物、生态毒性指标直观反映土壤污染物对人类及环境的影响[6-8]。
为了考察石油烃污染土壤修复前后的毒性效应变化,本研究以斑马鱼胚胎、发光细菌和黑麦草为测试生物,检测了微波热修复15 min前后场地石油烃污染土壤的毒性效应,并采用毒性当量(TU)法对修复前后的石油烃污染土壤进行综合毒性评价,对种植的黑麦草进行生态指标评估,以期为相关石油烃污染场地土壤污染程度调查和修复效果评价提供科学依据。
石油烃污染场地的微波修复土壤急性毒性及生态风险评价
Assessment of acute soil toxicity and ecological risk in microwave remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites
-
摘要: 为了准确评估微波修复后的场地石油烃污染土壤急性毒性和生态风险,采用斑马鱼胚胎急性毒性试验、发光细菌急性毒性试验和黑麦草生态指标试验进行测试,结合理化指标参数,通过毒性当量(TU)法对对照无污染土壤(B0)以及修复前、后土壤(B1、B2)的生物毒性进行综合评价。结果表明,微波修复前土壤显示出生物毒性,修复后土壤与修复前相比仍显示出生物毒性,但其毒性明显减弱;修复后土壤黑麦草生长状况良好,与修复前相比,黑麦草发芽率提高了40%,达65%,高度增加了2.3 cm,达6.8 cm,修复后土壤发芽指数由0.15提升至0.60,明显大于修复前土壤,而根伸长指数由0.45下降至0.17,明显小于修复前土壤;斑马鱼胚胎毒性当量由5.68 TU降至0.20 TU,发光细菌毒性当量由2.28 TU降至0.7 TU,急性毒性效应均明显减弱。本研究可为石油烃污染土壤修复工程毒性综合评价和人体健康风险评估工程设计和工程竣工验收提供参考。Abstract: To accurately assess the acute toxicity and ecological risk of oil hydrocarbon contaminated soil in the site after microwave repair, the acute toxicity test of zebrafish embryos, the acute toxicity test of luminescent bacteria, and the ecological index test of ryegrass were used for testing, and the biotoxicity of controlled non-polluting soil (B0) and pre-and post-repair soil (B1, B2) was evaluated by toxicity equivalent (TU) method. The results showed that the soil showed biotoxicity before microwave remediation, and the soil still showed biotoxicity after remediation, but the toxicity was significantly reduced compared with that before remediation. After the restoration, the soil ryegrass grew well. Compared with the pre-repair period, the germination rate of ryegrass increased by 40%, up to 65%, and the height increased by 2.3 cm, up to 6.8 cm. The germination index of soil after restoration increased from 0.15 to 0.60, which was significantly higher than that of soil before restoration, while the root elongation index decreased from 0.45 to 0.17, which was significantly lower than that of soil before restoration.The zebrafish embryonic toxicity equivalent was reduced from 5.68 TU to 0.20 TU, and the luminescent bacterial toxicity equivalent was decreased from 2.28 TU to 0.7 TU, and the acute toxicity effect was significantly reduced. This study can provide a reference for the comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil restoration project and the design and completion acceptance of human health risk assessment.
-
毒性级别Toxicity level 相对发光率L/% Relative luminous rate 毒性结果Toxicity results 0 L>90 无毒 Ⅰ 70<L≤90 低毒 Ⅱ 50<L≤70 中毒 Ⅲ 30<L≤50 重毒 Ⅳ 0<L≤30 高毒 Ⅴ L=0 剧毒 TU 毒性级别Toxicity level 毒性结果Toxicity results <0.4 Ⅰ 无毒 0.4<TU<1 Ⅱ 微毒 1<TU<10 Ⅲ 中毒 10<TU<100 Ⅳ 高毒 TU>100 Ⅴ 剧毒 表 3 石油烃污染场地土壤毒性评价结果
Table 3. Toxicity evaluation results of polluted soil
土壤种类Soil species 斑马鱼胚胎Zebrafish embryos 发光细菌Glowing bacteria TU 毒性等级Toxicity level TU 毒性等级Toxicity level 对照组 0.10 无毒 0.05 无毒 微波修复前 5.68 中毒 2.28 中毒 微波修复后 0.20 无毒 0.70 微毒 -
[1] 全国土壤污染状况调查公报[EB/OL].[2014-04-17] https://f06084df4353a3dca030833e34dd5bfdelksslcnki.casb.cczu.edu.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201404/t20140417_270670.htm. Report on the national general survey of soil contamination[EB/OL].[2014-04-17]. https://f06084df4353a3dca030833e34dd5bfdelksslcnki.casb.cczu.edu.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201404/t20140417_270670.htm.
[2] 贾小飞, 崔颖, 李勇. 我国污染土壤修复研究现状分析 [J]. 科技创新与应用, 2016(4): 147. JIA X F, CUI Y, LI Y. Analysis on the current situation of remediation of contaminated soil in China [J]. Technology Innovation A, 2016(4): 147(in Chinese).
[3] 曾琳. 矿化垃圾生物反应器修复石油污染土壤的优化试验研究[D]. 成都: 西南交通大学, 2017. ZENG L. Experimental study on bioreactor of mineralized waste for remediation of petroleum contaminated soil[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2017(in Chinese).
[4] WCISŁO E, BRONDER J, BUBAK A, et al. Human health risk assessment in restoring safe and productive use of abandoned contaminated sites [J]. Environment International, 2016, 94: 436-448. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.028 [5] 孙铁珩, 宋玉芳. 土壤污染的生态毒理诊断 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2002, 22(6): 689-695. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2468.2002.06.001 SUN T H, SONG Y F. Eco-toxicological diagnosis of soil pollution [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2002, 22(6): 689-695(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-2468.2002.06.001
[6] 吴晓亭. 成组生物毒性检测的污水及再生水水质安全评价[D]. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2016. WU X T. Safety evaluation of sewage and reclaimed water quality by group biological toxicity test[D]. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2016.
[7] 张述伟, 孔祥峰, 姜源庆, 等. 生物监测技术在水环境中的应用及研究 [J]. 环境保护科学, 2015, 41(5): 103-107. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6216.2015.05.019 ZHANG S W, KONG X F, JIANG Y Q, et al. Review of application and research of biological monitoring technologies in aquatic environment [J]. Environmental Protection Science, 2015, 41(5): 103-107(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6216.2015.05.019
[8] 潘瑞松, 沈红池, 吴旭鹏, 等. 双效工程菌Y1溶藻产物的急性毒性与健康风险评估 [J]. 土木建筑与环境工程, 2018, 40(5): 141-146. PAN R S, SHEN H C, WU X P, et al. Acute toxicity of the algae-lying products and assessment on health risks of microcystin in drinking water sources [J]. Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University, 2018, 40(5): 141-146(in Chinese).
[9] 生态环境部. 中华人民共和国环保行业标准: 土壤和沉积物 铜、锌、铅、镍、铬的测定 火焰原子吸收分光光度法 HJ 491—2019[S]. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2019. Environmental Protection Standard of the People's Republic of China: Soil and sediment—Determination of copper, zinc, lead, nickel and chromium—Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. HJ 491—2019[S]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2019 (in Chinese).
[10] 环境保护部. 中华人民共和国环保行业标准: 固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法 水平振荡法 HJ 557—2010[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2010. Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China. Environmental Protection Standard of the People's Republic of China: Solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity-Horizontal vibration method. HJ 557—2010[S]. Beijing: China Environment Science Press, 2010 (in Chinese).
[11] ISO 15088: 2007, Water quality-Determination of the acute toxicity of waste water to zebrafish eggs (Danio rerio) [S]. [12] 中华人民共和国生态环境部. 中华人民共和国环保行业标准: 水质 急性毒性的测定 斑马鱼卵法 HJ 1069—2019[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2020. Environmental Protection Standard of the People's Republic of China: Water quality—Determination of the acute toxicity—Zebrafish (Danio rerio) eggs method. HJ 1069—2019[S]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2020 (in Chinese).
[13] ISO 15088: 2007, Water quality-Determination of the acute toxicity of waste water to zebrafish eggs (Danio rerio) [S]. 2007 [14] ISO 11348- 3: 2007, Water quality-Determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio fischeri (Luminescent bacteria test). Part 3: Method using freeze-dried bacteria[S]. [15] ISO 11269-2-2005, Soil quality-Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora. Part 2: Effects of contaminated soil on the emergence and early growth of higher plants[S]. [16] 陈文艳, 赵远, 郑国娟, 等. 基于斑马鱼和发光细菌评估制革废水毒性及其削减效率 [J]. 生态毒理学报, 2014, 9(2): 358-366. CHEN W Y, ZHAO Y, ZHENG G J, et al. Evaluation of tannery wastewater toxicity and its reduction based on zebrafish and luminescent bacteria [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2014, 9(2): 358-366(in Chinese).
[17] 王建刚. 复合型有机污染场地土壤热修复效果及其评价[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2010. WANG J G. Effect and evaluation of soil thermal remediation in compound organic contaminated sites[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2010(in Chinese).
[18] 祝威, 沈捷, 黄翔峰. 生物法/人工湿地工艺处理采油废水及其生态毒性削减研究 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2009, 31(11): 53-57,74. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2009.11.014 ZHU W, SHEN J, HUANG X F. Treatment and eco-toxicity reduction of oilfield produced water by biological /constructed wetland process [J]. Environmental Pollution and Control, 2009, 31(11): 53-57,74(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2009.11.014
[19] PERSOONE G, MARSALEK B, BLINOVA I, et al. A practical and user-friendly toxicity classification system with microbiotests for natural waters and wastewaters [J]. Environmental Toxicology, 2003, 18(6): 395-402. doi: 10.1002/tox.10141 [20] 张瑛, 曹迪, 胡丽萍, 等. 某石化废水的综合毒性评价及其处理工艺对毒性的削减规律研究 [J]. 生态毒理学报, 2017, 12(5): 109-118. doi: 10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20170212001 ZHANG Y, CAO D, HU L P, et al. Comprehensive toxicity evaluation and the effect of the treatment process on toxicity reduction of A petrochemical wastewater [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2017, 12(5): 109-118(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/AJE.1673-5897.20170212001
[21] CALABRESE E J, BALDWIN L A. Hormesis: the dose-response revolution [J]. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2003, 43: 175-197. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.43.100901.140223 [22] 国家环境保护总局. 中华人民共和国国家标准: 危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别 GB 5085.3—2007[S]. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2007. State Environmental Protection Administration of the People’s Republic of China. National Standard (Mandatory) of the People’s Republic of China: Identification standards for hazardous wastes - Identification for extraction toxicity. GB 5085.3—2007[S]. 2007(in Chinese).