南方小城镇生活垃圾热解焚烧灰渣中微塑料与重金属的赋存特征
Occurrence characteristics of microplastics and heavy metals in pyrolysis incineration residues of small towns in Southern China
-
摘要: 采用密闭限氧热解方法处理生活垃圾正成为小城镇广泛应用的垃圾处理方式.本文选择南方地区江西省典型小城镇的生活垃圾热解焚烧处理厂作为研究区，以垃圾热解焚烧后堆放地的灰渣样品及其周边环境灰渣土、表层土为研究对象，采用浮选分离、扫描电镜、ICP-MS、BCR三步连续提取法等方法研究微塑料的丰度等特征及重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr等元素的不同形态赋存特征.结果表明，不同来源样品中微塑料的丰度存在一定差异，不同垃圾厂灰渣中的微塑料丰度范围为131.00—176.00 n·kg-1dw（每kg干重土样中微塑料的数量），均显著高于周边环境中灰渣土、表层土中的微塑料丰度；微塑料的形态类型主要以碎片类（38.5%）为主，其次为薄膜类（17.6%）、纤维类（26.7%）和发泡类（17.2%）；颜色及比例分别为黑色（29.4%）、白色（12.2%）、透明色（20.8%）、蓝色（12.4%）、红色（25.3%）等5种；不同大小粒径微塑料丰度所占比例分别为： > 5 mm（11%）、2.5—5 mm（13%）、1—2.5 mm（19%）、0.5—1 mm（24.2%）、≤0.5 mm（32.8%），随着微塑料粒径的减小，微塑料丰度在各类样品中的数量呈增加趋势.扫描电镜与能谱（SEM-EDS）分析结果发现，大多微塑料边缘均具有明显撕裂痕迹、表面有较多突起及一定划痕等特点，重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr等元素在不同微塑料表面均有吸附.不同形态重金属的占比也存在显著差异，5种重金属元素有效态所占比例依次为Pb（88.27%） > Cd（73.48%） > Zn（55.69%） > Cu（38.8%） > Cr（38.02%）.微塑料的丰度与重金属的赋存相关性分析结果表明，垃圾热解灰渣中的微塑料与重金属具有一定相关性，不同特征的微塑料与重金属含量间的相关性具有一定差异，其中黑色微塑料、粒径<0.5 mm的微塑料与大多数重金属元素间存在着显著相关性（P<0.05）.Abstract: Closed oxygen-limited pyrolysis is becoming a widely used waste treatment method in small towns. In the present study, we selected some typical municipal solid waste incineration plants in Jiangxi Province in Southern China as the research areas, and collected the ash samples which from the stacking ground after pyrolysis of refuse and its surrounding environment soil with ash slag and surface soil as the research materials. The flotation separation method, scanning electron microscopy method, ICP-MS and BCR three-step continuous extraction methods were used to study the abundances of microplastics and the occurrence characteristics of different forms of heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cr. The results showed that there were some differences in the abundance of microplastics in samples from different sources. The abundance range of microplastics in ash from different garbage factories was from 131.00 n·kg-1 dw to 176.00 n·kg-1 dw (the amount of microplastics in dry soil samples per kg), which was significantly higher than that in the soil with ash slag and surface soil in the surrounding environment. The morphological types of microplastics were mainly debris (38.5%) followed by film (17.6%), fiber (26.7%) and foam (17.2%). The main colors of microplastics were black (29.4%), white (12.2%), transparent (20.8%), blue (12.4%) and red (25.3%). The proportions of the microplastics abundances with different particle sizes were > 5 mm (11%), 2.5—5 mm (13%), 1—2.5 mm (19%), 0.5—1 mm (24.2%) and < 0.5 mm (32.8%). The abundance of microplastics in various samples increased with the decrease of the particle size of microplastics. The results of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis showed that most of the microplastics had obvious tear marks, more protrusions and some scratches on the surface, and all kinds of heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cr were adsorbed on different surfaces of microplastics. There were also significant differences in the proportion of heavy metals in different forms, and the effective states of the five heavy metal elements accounted for Pb(88.27%) > Cd (73.48%) > Zn (55.69%) > Cu (38.8%) > Cr (38.02%). The results of correlation analysis showed that the abundance of microplastics and the occurrence of heavy metals in pyrolysis residue of the garbage were corelated and the correlation between the content of heavy metals and microplastics with different characteristics was different. There was a significant correlation (P<0.05) between black microplastics and most heavy metal elements, and also between microplastics with particle size less than 0.5 mm and most heavy metal elements.
-
Key words:
- domestic garbage /
- oxygen-limited pyrolysis /
- microplastics /
- heavy metals /
- occurrence characteristics
-
-
[1] 宗同强, 王明芳, 王陆游, 等. 高分子螯合剂稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属[J]. 广州化学, 2018, 43(3):18-23. ZONG T Q, WANG M F, WANG L Y, et al. Macromolecule chelating agent stabilizing heavy metals in fly ash of waste incineration[J]. Guangzhou Chemistry, 2018, 43(3):18-23(in Chinese).
[2] HONG J, CHEN Y, WANG M, et al. Intensification of municipal solid waste disposal in China[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 69:168-176. [3] LOMBARDI L, CAMEVALE E, CORTI A. A review of technologies and performances of thermal treatment systems for energy recovery from waste[J]. Waste Management, 2015, 37:26-44. [4] FAN Y, ZHANG F S, ZHU J, et al. Effective utilization of waste ash from MSW and coal co-combustion power plant-Zeolite synthesis[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 153(1-2):382-388. [5] 师宓. 城市垃圾焚烧的二次污染及其控制[J]. 绿色科技, 2019(6):115-117. SHI M. Secondary pollution of municipal waste incineration and its control[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2019 (6):115-117(in Chinese).
[6] MARGARIDA J Q, JOÂO M B, ROSA M, et al. Recycling of air pollution control residues from municipal solid waste incineration into lightweight aggregates[J]. Waste Management, 2014, 34(2):430-438. [7] DEL VALLE-ZERMEÑO R, FORMOSA J, CHIMENOS J M, et al. Aggregate material formulated with MSWI bottom ash and APC fly ash for use as secondary building material[J]. Waste Management, 2013, 33(3):621-627. [8] 孙红文, 應光国. 环境中的新兴污染物研究[J]. 环境化学, 2018,37(8):Ⅰ-Ⅱ. SUN H W, YING G G. Study on emerging pollutants in the environment[J]. Environment Chmistry, 2018, 37 (8):Ⅰ-Ⅱ(in Chinese).
[9] 刘沙沙,付建平,郭楚玲, 等. 微塑料的环境行为及其生态毒性研究进展[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2019, 38(5):957-969. LIU S S, FU J P, GUO C L, et al. Research progress on environmental behavior and ecological toxicity of microplastics[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2019, 38(5):957-969(in Chinese).
[10] 陈启晴, 杨守业, Henner Hollert, 等. 微塑料污染的水生生态毒性与载体作用[J]. 生态毒理学报,2018, 13(1):16-30. CHEN Q Q,YANG S Y, HENNER H, et al. The ecotoxicity and carrier function of microplastics in the aquatic environment[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2018, 13(1):16-30(in Chinese).
[11] 刘强,徐旭丹,黄伟,等.海洋微塑料污染的生态效应研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2017, 37(22):7397-7409. LIU Q,XU X D,HUANG W,et al. Research advances on the ecological effects of microplastic pollution in the marine environment[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(22):7397-7409(in Chinese).
[12] MIZRAJI R, AHRENDT C, PEREZ-VENEGAS D, et al. Is the feeding type related with the content of microplastics in intertidal fish gut?[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 116(1-2):498-500. [13] WESSEL C C, LOCKRIDGE G R, BATTISTE D, et al. Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in beach sediments:Insights into microplastic accumulation in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016, 109(1):178-183. [14] 白濛雨, 赵世烨, 彭谷雨, 等. 城市污水处理过程中微塑料赋存特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(5):1734-1743. BAI M Y, ZHAO S Y, PENG G Y, et al. Occurrence, characteristics of microplastic during urban sewage treatment process[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(5):1734-1743(in Chinese).
[15] 许霞, 侯青桐, 薛银刚. 污水厂中微塑料的污染及迁移特征研究进展[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(11):395-402. XU X, HOU Q T, XUE Y G. Research progress on the transference and pollution characteristics of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(11):395-402(in Chinese).
[16] 吴辰熙, 潘响亮, 施华宏, 等. 我国淡水环境微塑料污染与流域管控策略[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2018, 33(10):16-24. WU C X, PAN X L, SHI H H, et al. Microplastic pollution in freshwater environment in China and watershed management strategy[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(10):16-24(in Chinese).
[17] 朱永官, 朱冬, 许通, 等. (微)塑料污染对土壤生态系统的影响:进展与思考[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2019, 38(11):1-6. ZHU Y G,ZHU D,XU T,et al. Impacts of(micro)plastics on soil ecosystem:Progress and perspective[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2019, 38(1):1-6(in Chinese).
[18] 芦会杰, 张旭, 刘欣艳. 北京市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣重金属特性及其来源分析[J]. 环境化学, 2018, 37(9):92-98. LU H J,ZHANG X,LIU X Y.Composition and source apportionment of heavy metals in bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator in Beijing[J].Environmental Chemistry, 2018, 37(9):92-98(in Chinese).
[19] 郭彦海, 孙许超, 张士兵, 等. 上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价[J]. 环境科学, 2017, 38(12):5262-5271. GUO Y H,SUN X C,ZHANG S B. Pollution characteristics, source analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Shanghai[J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(12):5262-5271(in Chinese).
[20] HOLMES L A, TURNER A, THOMPSON R C. Interactions between trace metals and plastic production pellets under estuarine conditions[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2014, 167:25-32. [21] 赵筱青, 李丽娇, 杨红辉, 等. 云南沘江流域农田土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、As的地球化学特征[J]. 地球学报, 2012, 33(3):331-340. ZHAO X Q, LI L J, YANG H H, et al. The geochemical characteristics of heavy metals in agricultural soils of the bijiang watershed in Yunnan Province[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2012, 33(3):331-340(in Chinese).
[22] 刘玮婷, 郭楚玲, 刘沙沙, 等. 微塑料对近岸多环芳烃降解菌群结构及其降解能力的影响[J]. 环境科学学报, 2018, 38(10):269-273. LIU W T,GUO C L,LIU S S, et al. Effect of microplastic on the community structure and biodegradation potential of PAHs -degrading bacterial consortium in coastal environment[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018, 38(10):269-273(in Chinese).
[23] 周倩, 章海波, 李远, 等. 海岸环境中微塑料污染及其生态效应研究进展[J].科学通报, 2015, 60(33):3210-3220. ZHOU Q, ZHANG H B, LI Y, et al. Progress on microplastics pollution and its ecological effects in the coastal environment[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2015, 60(33):3210-3220(in Chinese).
[24] 周倩. 典型滨海潮滩及近海环境中微塑料污染特征与生态风险[D]. 烟台:中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,2016. ZHOU Q. Characteristics and ecological risks of micro-plastics in typical coastal tidal flats and offshore environments[D]. Yantai:Yantai Coastal Zone Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016(in Chinese). [25] 简敏菲, 周隆胤, 余厚平, 等. 鄱阳湖-饶河入湖段湿地底泥中微塑料的分离及其表面形貌特征[J].环境科学学报, 2018, 38(2):579-586 JIAN M F, ZHOU L Y,YU H P,et al.Separation and microscopic study of microplastics from the sediments of the wetland in the estuary of Raohe River of Poyang Lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2018, 38(2):579-586(in Chinese).
[26] 饶宝娇. 三酸溶解法和微波消解法测定土壤镉的方法对比及海南部分地区土壤镉含量调查[J]. 广东化工, 2017, 44(15):250-252. RAO B J. Comparison of the Methods for Determination of Cadmium in Soil by Means of Three Acids and Microwave Digestion and the Investigation of Cadmium in Soil in Some Areas of Hainan[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2017, 44(15):250-252(in Chinese).
[27] 赵帅, 潘进芬, 李宝洁,等. 改进BCR提取法对山东荣成天鹅湖金属环境赋存研究[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2012, 31(4):515-519. ZHAO S,PAN J F, LI B J. Improvement of BCR extract method for study on heavy metalenvironment of Rongcheng Swan Lake Inlet[J]. Marine Envrionmental Science, 2012, 31(4):515-519(in Chinese).
[28] BRENNECKE D, DUARTE B, PAIVA F, et al. Microplastics as vector for heavy metal contamination from the marine environment[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2016, 178:189-195. [29] 刘强, 徐旭丹, 黄伟, 等. 海洋微塑料污染的生态效应研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2017, 37(22):7397-7409. LIU Q, XU X D, HUANG W, et al. Research advances on the ecological effects of microplastic pollution in the marine environment[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(22):7397-7409(in Chinese).
[30] SAHIN S, YAYLA P. Effects of testing parameters on the mechanical properties of polypropylene random copolymer[J]. Polymer Testing, 2005. 24(5):613-619. -
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 3779
- HTML全文浏览数: 3779
- PDF下载数: 100
- 施引文献: 0
下载:
