噻虫嗪对稀有鮈鲫早期生命阶段毒性效应
Toxicity Effects of Thiamethoxam on Early Life Stage of Rare Minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)
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摘要: 我国是新烟碱类杀虫剂生产、销售和使用大国，噻虫嗪等新烟碱类农药在水环境中检出率较高。本文以本土物种稀有鮈鲫为研究对象，开展胚胎及幼鱼噻虫嗪(0、0.5、5和50 μg·L-1)半静态暴露实验，评估药物对稀有鮈鲫早期生命阶段毒性效应。结果表明，50 μg·L-1噻虫嗪暴露可导致稀有鮈鲫胚胎死亡率显著增加，药物处理组孵化后仔鱼畸形率均显著增加，仔鱼畸形多呈现为脊柱弯曲。28 d幼鱼亚慢性暴露实验结果表明，不同梯度噻虫嗪暴露均可导致幼鱼死亡率增加；功能基因定量结果显示稀有鮈鲫幼鱼胆固醇合成相关基因sc5d、ebp和sc4mol在转录水平表达下调，nsdhl、caspase3和ctsl1a与对照组相比无显著性差异。5 μg·L-1噻虫嗪处理组中幼鱼p53、p21和mycb等基因转录水平表达显著下调。上述结果表明，新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪对稀有鮈鲫早期生命阶段存在胚胎毒性，并导致仔鱼致畸和死亡；功能基因转录水平变化预示药物暴露可能增加幼鱼致癌风险，这些可能对鱼类种群繁衍产生负面效应。Abstract: China is a major country in production, distribution and consumption of neonicotinoid insecticides. The detection rate of neonicotinoid pesticides such as thiamethoxam in the aquatic environment is relatively high. In this study, taking a native species (rare minnow) as the research object, semi-static exposure experiments of thiamethoxam (0, 0.5, 5, and 50 μg·L-1) were carried out to evaluate the toxicity effects of thiamethoxam on the early life stage of rare minnow. The results showed that the embryo mortality rate was significantly increased in 50 μg·L-1 thiamethoxam treatment group, and the deformity rate of larvae was significantly increased after hatching. Furthermore, the deformity of larvae was usually characterized by curvature of the spine. After 28 d subchronic exposure, the mortality of juvenile fish significantly increased in all thiamethoxam treatment groups compared with control group. Quantitative results of functional genes showed that the mRNA expression level of cholesterol synthesis-related genes sc5d, ebp and sc4mol were down-regulated compared with the control group in juvenile rare minnow, while there were no significant differences in the expression levels of nsdhl, caspase3 and ctsl1a. Significant downregulation of p53, p21 and mycb was observed in 5 μg·L-1 thiamethoxam treatment group. Taken together, thiamethoxam has embryotoxicity, and cause teratogenesis and death of larval fish. Changes in transcription levels of functional genes suggest that thiamethoxam exposure may increase carcinogenic risks in juvenile rare minnow. Thiamethoxam may cause negative effects on fish populations in aquatic environment.
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