摘要:
水深是影响水鸟栖息地利用最重要的因素,而湿地的水位波动会导致水深发生变化。为研究水位波动对水深岸陡型高原湖泊冬季水鸟群落的影响,本研究以云南大理洱海为研究地点,在水位下降前后,即2014年和2017年的冬季(11月至次年1月)对洱海北部湖湾5个观察点各进行10次和8次水鸟统计调查,结果2014年冬季共记录到22个物种,11 611只个体;2017年冬季共记录到30个物种,17 278只个体。对比涉禽、钻水鸭、潜水类三类功能集团的变化,发现水位下降后钻水鸭和潜水类的物种丰富度和多度都有所增加,而涉禽的物种丰富度不变,多度下降,这一结果与浅水滩地型湿地的响应变化规律不同。6种钻水鸭2017年冬季同时在洱海出现,说明可能为共同的环境因素所吸引。研究结果说明水位下降是洱海钻水鸭类物种丰富度和多度增加的必要条件。
关键词:
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洱海
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水鸟
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水位
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水位下降
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群落结构
Abstract:
Water depth is the most important variable affecting the use of wetland habitats by waterbirds, and fluctuations in water level have a strong influence on this pattern. In this study, we explored the effects of water level fluctuations of mountain plateau lakes characterized by deep waters and steep slopes next to the shores on the occurrence of wintering waterbirds. Taking the northern shore of Lake Erhai as a representative study case, we performed repeated waterbird species counts in five different sites during the winter months (November to the following January) of the years 2014 and 2017, which showed significant differences in water depth. A total of 22 species and 11 611 individuals, 30 species and 17 278 individuals were recorded in 2014 and 2017 respectively. We found that, with the decrease of water level, both species richness and abundance of dabbling ducks and diving waterbirds increased, while species richness of waders remained unaltered and its abundance decreased. Six dabbling ducks species were observed simultaneously in 2017, indicating a potential preference for the same environmental conditions. These findings suggest that water level drawdown was necessary to higher species richness and abundance of dabbling ducks in Lake Erhai.
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