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核能作为一种安全、经济、高效的清洁能源,其特有的价值和优势正受到越来越多国家的重视。根据国际原子能机构的报告,截至2022年6月底,全球正在运行的核电反应堆共计441个,分别来自33个国家,核电总装机容量为394 GW[1]。然而,核电产业的不断发展将持续地产生放射性废水,如果不加以适当处理将会对生态环境和人类健康造成威胁。例如在2011年福岛核事故发生后,大量放射性核素泄漏到环境中,导致一些鱼类的总放射性水平至今仍保持在100 Bq·kg−1以上[2]。由此可见,放射性废水的处理对核工业的长远及可持续发展至关重要。
137Cs是放射性废水中最常见的核素之一,其半衰期约为30 a,会释放高能β粒子和γ射线。137Cs在水中通常以离子形态(Cs+)存在,具有极强迁移能力,一旦泄漏到环境中将会对生态环境及公众健康造成巨大威胁[3]。目前常用化学沉淀法[4]和膜分离法[5]对此类放射性废水进行分离处理,除此之外生物修复法[6]和吸附法等[7]也有较好的处理效果。与其他方法相比,吸附法具有成本低廉、操作简便和绿色环保等优点,目前已经成为国内外常规及应急处理放射性废水的主流方式。该方法是日本福岛核电站处理核废水的核心工艺[8]。
传统吸附剂以各种多孔材料为主,如活性炭、沸石、硅藻土等,而金属硫化物是目前对放射性废水处理效果较好的一类离子交换材料,具有较高的吸附选择性和离子交换容量[9]。有研究表明,金属硫化物对Sr2+、Cs+、UO22+等多种核素具有较好的去除效果,也能较好应用于稀土元素的回收[7,10-12]。ZHANG等[13-14]报道了一种新型纳米片状K/Zn/Sn/S金属硫化物(K/Zn/Sn/S metal sulfide nanosheet, KZTS-NS),并发现其对Sr2+、Co2+均具有良好的吸附效果。然而,截至目前该材料对Cs+的吸附潜力尚未被发掘,吸附机理也尚不清楚。
基于以上论述,本研究采用水热法合成了KZTS-NS,并对吸附Cs+前后的KZTS-NS采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)等技术进行了表征,结合定量分析进一步探究了可能的吸附机理;此外,探索了KZTS-NS对Cs+的静态吸附性能,包括动力学、热力学、等温线和环境适应性,并将其用于吸附实际水体中的Cs+。本研究结果旨在为放射性废水中Cs+的处理提供技术参考和基础数据支撑。
K/Zn/Sn/S金属硫化物对水中铯离子的吸附去除性能及机理
Adsorptive removal performance and mechanism of cesium ion from aqueous solutions by a K/Zn/Sn/S metal sulfide
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摘要: 通过水热法合成了纳米片状K/Zn/Sn/S金属硫化物(KZTS-NS),并研究了KZTS-NS对Cs+的吸附特性及机理。结果表明,KZTS-NS具有快速的吸附Cs+动力学特性,仅需10 min即可达到吸附平衡,此时Cs+去除率为96.50%;KZTS-NS对Cs+的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附容量为133.96 mg·g−1,高于报道的其他吸附剂,且吸附是个自发、吸热且熵增的过程;KZTS-NS能够在pH为3~10内对Cs+保持良好吸附效果;溶液中共存离子对KZTS-NS吸附效果的影响从高到低排序依次为Mg2+>Ca2+>Na+>K+,在自来水中、矿泉水、湖水和海水中KZTS-NS对Cs+的去除率分别为42.14%、25.15%、14.14%和4.44%。此外,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术对吸附铯离子(Cs+)前后的KZTS-NS进行表征以揭示吸附机理。结果表明,KZTS-NS具有纳米片形貌,K、Zn、Sn和S元素在表面均匀分布,吸附Cs+后形貌保持不变,并且XRD特征峰往低角度方向偏移,对应的晶面间距增大;由XPS图谱和定量分析可知,KZTS-NS对Cs+的吸附机理为离子交换。总之,KZTS-NS能够快速、高效地去除废水中的Cs+,具有较大的应用潜力。本研究将为放射性废水中Cs+的处理提供技术参考和基础数据支撑。Abstract: A nanosheet-like K/Zn/Sn/S metal sulfide (KZTS-NS) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The adsorption properties and mechanism of KZTS-NS towards Cs+ was investigated. The results showed that fast adsorption of Cs+ occurred by KZTS-NS with an equilibrium time of only 10 minutes and Cs+ removal rate of 96.50%. The adsorption isotherms were well fitted with the Langmuir model, and the calculated maximum adsorption capacity reached 133.96 mg·g−1, which was higher than other reported adsorbents. The adsorption of Cs+ by KZTS-NS was a spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-increasing process. KZTS-NS had a good performance on Cs+ adsorption in the pH range of 3-10. The inhibitory effect of coexisting ions on Cs+ adsorption by KZTS-NS followed the sequence of Mg2+>Ca2+>Na+>K+. The removal rates of Cs+ by KZTS-NS in tap water, mineral water, lake water, and seawater were 42.14%, 25.15%, 14.14%, and 4.44%, respectively. The KZTS-NS before and after cesium ion (Cs+) adsorption was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc. to reveal the Cs+ adsorption mechanism. Results showed that the nanosheet-like morphology of KZTS-NS remained unchanged before and after adsorption of Cs+. K, Zn, Sn, and S elements were evenly distributed on the surface of KZTS-NS. The XRD characteristic peaks after Cs+ adsorption shifted towards a lower 2θ value, corresponding to an increase in crystal plane spacing. The XPS spectra and quantitative analysis indicated that the adsorption mechanism of KZTS-NS for Cs+ was ion exchange. In summary, KZTS-NS could rapidly and efficiently remove Cs+ from wastewater and showed a great potential for further application. This study provides a technical reference and the basic data supports for the treatment of wastewater containing radioactive Cs+ ions.
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Key words:
- metal sulfide /
- adsorbent /
- cesium /
- radioactive contamination /
- ion exchange
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表 1 吸附等温线拟合参数表
Table 1. Fitting parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich models
温度/℃ Langmuir模型 Freundlich模型 qm/(mg·g−1) b/(L·mg−1) R2 Kf/(L1/n·mg1/1-n·g−1) 1/n R2 25 133.96 0.67 0.990 54.41 0.28 0.929 35 143.47 0.40 0.954 48.60 0.32 0.937 45 146.87 0.59 0.992 55.76 0.30 0.915 表 2 不同吸附材料对溶液中Cs+的吸附容量
Table 2. Adsorption capacity of different materials to Cs+ in solution
吸附材料 吸附容量/(mg·g−1) 吸附条件 数据来源 水铝英石 11.01 v/m=500 mL·g−1, pH=5.5, 25 ℃, t=24 h [21] 硅藻土 63.45 v/m=400 mL·g−1, 25 ℃, t=6 h [22] 蒙脱石 71.58 v/m=1 000 mL·g−1, 25 ℃, t=2 h [23] 膨润土 97.02 v/m=40 mL·g−1, pH=8 [24] 钨酸铵-海藻酸钙微囊 45.19 v/m=100 mL·g−1, 25 ℃, t=24 h [25] 磷钼酸铵/聚丙烯腈
纳米纤维52.20 v/m=1 000 mL·g−1, 25 ℃, pH=5 [26] 三钛酸钠 39.90 v/m=1 000 mL·g−1, pH=5 [27] FJSM-SbS 143.47 v/m=1 000 mL·g−1, 80 ℃, t=10 h [28] SbS-1 70.96 v/m=1 000 mL·g−1, 25 ℃, t=8 h [29] FJSM-SnS-3 109.68 v/m=1 000 mL·g−1, 25 ℃, t=12 h [30] KZTS-NS 133.96 v/m=2 000 mL·g−1, 25 ℃, pH=5.3, t=16 h 本研究 表 3 KZTS-NS在不同温度下吸附Cs+的热力学参数表
Table 3. Thermodynamic parameters of KZTS-NS to Cs+ adsorption at different temperatures
ΔGθ/(kJ·mol−1) ΔHθ/(kJ·mol−1) ΔSθ/(J·(mol·K)−1) 25 ℃ 35 ℃ 45 ℃ −28.05 −29.12 −30.20 3.92 107.25 表 4 不同实际水体中K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+的质量浓度
Table 4. Mass concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in different actual water bodies
水体 K+/(mg·L−1) Na+/(mg·L−1) Ca2+/(mg·L−1) Mg2+/(mg·L−1) 自来水 2.31 7.27 7.41 1.28 矿泉水 0.97 3.52 12.74 1.60 湖水 4.25 11.81 31.86 3.24 海水 398.71 8 384.40 328.62 1 032.11 -
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