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厌氧氨氧化 (anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox) 是指厌氧或缺氧条件下,厌氧氨氧化菌 (anammox ammonium oxidation bacteria,AnAOB) 以亚硝态氮 (NO2−-N) 为电子受体,将氨氮 (NH4+-N) 氧化为氮气 (N2) 的生物过程[1-2]。传统生物脱氮工艺常用来去除生活污水中的氮元素,主要是通过好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化来实现。在好氧阶段,NH4+-N需要充足氧气以实现硝化,而缺氧阶段则需要足够有机碳源进行反硝化,从而使得氮元素的去除过程能耗非常高[3-4]。Anammox技术相较于传统生物脱氮工艺具有无需外加有机碳源、氮去除负荷高、运行费用低、剩余污泥产量低、无二次污染等优点[3, 5],将其应用于生活污水中污染物的去除是污水生物处理领域的研究热点。
目前,个别生活污水处理厂实现了AnAOB的富集和anammox脱氮。如在新加坡樟宜回用水厂anammox工艺的自养脱氮贡献率为37.5%[6];中国西安第四污水处理厂anammox工艺的脱氮贡献率约为15%[7]。然而,上述污水处理厂的主流工艺并不是anammox,因此,目前尚无一个真正意义上的anammox处理生活污水的工程实例。生活污水存在氨氮浓度较低、冬季水温低 (低于15 ℃,AnAOB活性急剧降低) 等问题[8],使得anammox在工程上存在一定的局限性。低氨氮浓度情况下亚硝酸盐氧化菌 (nitrite oxidizing bacteria,NOB) 的生长速率比氨氧化菌 (ammonium oxidation bacteria,AOB) 高,使得短程硝化过程很难稳定实现[9]。另外,AnAOB最佳生长温度为30~37 ℃,当温度超过45 ℃时AnAOB会出现不可逆失活,而当温度低于15 ℃时反应器内还会因积累大量NO2−-N导致反应器失稳[10-11]。因此,如何在低氨氮浓度下保证NH4+-N稳定转化为NO2−-N,以及在低温条件下 (尤其是冬季) 如何维持anammox工艺稳定运行是亟需解决的问题。
针对上述问题,本研究结合传统硝化反硝化系统的稳定性优势,将anammox与MBR工艺耦合,组成一种兼顾低能耗、高负荷的新型生物脱氮工艺 (AX-MBR) ,通过对生活污水进行连续处理分析温度对AX-MBR工艺的脱氮效果,并探究anammox脱氮贡献率和微生物群落结构变化,从而分析系统的脱氮机理,以期为工艺的工程应用提供参考。
Anammox-MBR耦合工艺在生活污水中的脱氮性能及其机理
Nitrogen removal performance and mechanism of anammox-MBR coupling process in sewage treatment
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摘要: 厌氧氨氧化工艺在处理生活污水过程中存在处理效率不稳定的问题,阻碍了其在生活污水处理中的工程应用。采用包括缺氧反应器、好氧反应器、膜组件3个部分的anammox-MBR (AX-MBR) 耦合工艺来处理生活污水,以期解决该问题。实验开始时,先投加污水处理厂好氧活性污泥进行启动,后降低反应系统的溶解氧,最后再投加厌氧氨氧化菌 (AnAOB) 。结果表明,投加AnAOB可有效提高AX-MBR的NH4+-N去除率,NH4+-N平均去除率由68%升至87%。实验过程中未对反应器进行温度控制,故在反应温度低于20 ℃时发现,AnAOB活性随着温度降低急剧下降。在低温环境运行时,可采用降低进水负荷的方式来保证处理效果。采用15N稳定同位素示踪法对AnAOB脱氮贡献率进行分析表明,AX-MBR氮元素的去除主要由AnAOB主导的途径完成,其脱氮贡献率可达65%。而16S高通量测序结果表明,缺氧反应器中的AnAOB主要为Candidatus Kuenenia,且缺氧反应器和好氧反应器的反硝化细菌丰度远大于氨氧化细菌丰度。这表明AX-MBR中NO2--N主要来源于部分反硝化,这在群落水平上证明了短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化的存在。本研究结果可为厌氧氨氧化的工艺发展提供参考。
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关键词:
- 厌氧氨氧化(anammox) /
- 生活污水 /
- MBR /
- 微生物多样性 /
- 脱氮机理
Abstract: Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) process has the problem of unstable treatment efficiency in treating domestic sewage, which seriously hinders its engineering application of sewage treatment. In view of the above problems, this paper proposed to use anammox-MBR (AX-MBR) coupling process to treat sewage, which included anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and membrane module. During the startup of the experiment, the activated sludge of the sewage treatment plant was added, then the dissolved oxygen of the system was reduced, and the anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) was added. The results showed that the addition of AnAOB could effectively improve the NH4+-N removal rate of AX-MBR, and the average NH4+-N removal rate increased significantly from 68% to 87%. During the experiment, the temperature of the reactor was not controlled. The results indicated that the activity of AnAOB decreased sharply with decreasing temperature when the temperature was lower than 20 ℃. During the operation in low temperature environment, the way of reducing the influent load could be adopted to ensure the treatment rate. The research data of 15N stable isotope tracer method on the nitrogen removal contribution rate of anammox showed that the nitrogen removal of AX-MBR was mainly completed by the way dominated by anammox, and its nitrogen removal contribution rate could reach 65%. The 16S high throughput sequencing results showed that the AnAOB in the anoxic reactor was mainly Candidatus Kuenenia, and the abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the anoxic reactor and aerobic reactor was greater than that of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, which indicated that the NO2--N in AX-MBR mainly formed from partial denitrification, which proved the existence of partial denitrification/anammox process.The results of this study can provide reference for the development of anammox process.-
Key words:
- anaerobic ammonia oxidation /
- domestic sewage /
- MBR /
- microbial diversity /
- removal mechanism
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表 1 样本的多样性指数统计表
Table 1. Statistical Table of Sample Diversity Index
样本 Shannon指数 ACE指数 Chao1指数 盖度 Simpson指数 H1 5.36 2930.14 2860.94 0.99 0.04 Y1 5.39 2699.78 2644.48 0.98 0.03 H2 6.00 3109.33 3102.02 0.99 6.3e-03 Y2 6.00 3026.31 2928.73 0.99 6.4e-03 H3 5.28 2678.70 2597.72 0.99 0.02 Y3 5.32 2899.24 2815.25 0.99 0.02 -
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