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餐厨垃圾是指餐馆、饭店、单位食堂等的饮食剩余物,以及后厨的果蔬、肉食、油脂、面点等的加工过程废弃物。近年来,我国的餐厨垃圾产生量每年以超过10%的速度持续增长[1-2]。若不经妥善处理,餐厨垃圾会腐烂变质,进而污染土壤和水体,同时散发恶臭气体、传播疾病,危害人群健康[3]。传统的餐厨垃圾处理方式如填埋、焚烧等处理过程中可能会导致渗滤液中的高浓度有机污染物进入土壤和地下水,再加上填埋产生的甲烷、焚烧产生的二噁英等也可能进入空气,因此,传统的处理方式存在二次污染的可能[4]。利用厌氧发酵等生化方法对餐厨垃圾进行无害化和资源化利用是绿色有效的[5]。将餐厨垃圾固液分离后,固相经一定的处理可制得生物蛋白,液相经过定向生物转化、高效分离加以利用。该过程可获得的产品包括乳酸、乙醇、丁醇、己酸、氢气、沼气等。这些产物为增值化学品,具有较高的利用价值[6]。
乳酸是三大有机酸之一,已广泛应用于酿酒、医药、食品、化妆品、卷烟、制革等领域。此外,乳酸还是一种重要的生物基平台化合物,可作为生产原料制造其他化学品,如聚乳酸、丙烯酸、丙酸、2,3-戊二酮、丙酮酸、丙烯、乳酸酯(绿色环保溶剂)、乳酸盐等[7],具有广阔的应用前景。以乳酸为主要原料聚合生成的聚乳酸,是一种新型的生物降解材料,为重要的塑料替代品。随着各国对抗塑料污染、鼓励开发生物降解塑料等政策的实施,聚乳酸市场需求快速增长,并成为乳酸的第一大应用领域。以乳酸为原料制造聚乳酸,其市场占比约为37.5%。
由于化学法生产乳酸往往产生DL-乳酸的外消旋混合物,因此,目前在工业上应用较多的是发酵法,约占乳酸生产的90%以上[8]。但微生物发酵生产乳酸存在3个主要瓶颈:一是适应复杂底物的优势乳酸工程菌的选育;二是发酵底物和营养物质的高成本;三是下游工艺(分离和纯化步骤)的复杂和高成本。
餐厨垃圾有机物含量高,含有丰富的氮、磷及微量元素,是很好的生物发酵培养基。在利用餐厨垃圾进行乳酸发酵前往往需要先经过预处理过程,以便于微生物更好地利用底物。生物发酵产乳酸的流程图如图1所示。
本文从餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵技术的高产菌株选育、与其他废物协同发酵及缓解产物抑制的原位分离耦合发酵3个方面,对国内外相关研究进行综述,并梳理餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵领域的新进展,以期为解决该领域存在的瓶颈问题、促进其产业化提供参考。
餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵技术的研究进展
Research advances for lactic acid f ermentation of food waste
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摘要: 餐厨垃圾产量巨大且有机物含量丰富,易被微生物分解利用。乳酸是餐厨垃圾发酵处理后的重要产物,亦是食品、医药、酿酒等行业的重要原料。系统介绍了餐厨垃圾发酵产乳酸的微生物菌种、多物料混合发酵及原位分离耦合发酵,以及该研究领域的新进展。针对该技术的应用现状及不足,指出现阶段应关注高产抗污染的产乳酸工程菌的选育、原位分离-耦合乳酸发酵、生物强化发酵等关键技术的开发和突破。突破这些瓶颈可使餐厨垃圾发酵原料产乳酸技术更加经济可行,更易实现产业化推广。Abstract: Food waste is massively produced and is rich in organic matter, which is easily biodegradable. Lactic acid is an important product of food waste fermentation, and also an important feedstock for food, medicine, wine and other industries. This review summarizes microbiota of food waste fermentation for lactic acid production, mixed fermentation of multiple feedstocks and in-situ separation coupled fermentation, as well as the new advances in this research field. In view of the current application status and deficiencies of the technology, attention should be paid to development and breakthrough of key technologies such as culturing high-yield and contamination-resistant lactate-fermenting workhorse bacteria, in-situ separation-coupled lactic acid fermentation, and bio-intensified fermentation. Addressing these bottlenecks can improve the economic feasibility of lactic acid fermentation from food waste, and also promote its commercialization.
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Key words:
- food waste /
- lactic acid /
- mixed fermentation /
- in-situ separation-coupled fermentation
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表 1 以餐厨垃圾为底物利用细菌及真菌进行乳酸发酵的成果
Table 1. Summary of recent studies of lactic acid fermentation with bacteria and fungi on food waste
底物 菌种 预处理 发酵
模式温度/
℃pH 光学
纯度乳酸产量/
(g·L−1)产率/
(g·g−1)生产率/
(g·(L·h)−1)参考
文献餐厨垃圾 乳酸菌TY50 — 不灭菌 45 5.5~6.0 — 36.29 0.44 1.01 [11] 餐厨垃圾 乳杆菌TD46 — 不灭菌 30 5.5~6.0 — 28.85 0.39 0.60 [12] 餐厨垃圾 干酪乳杆菌Shirota 真菌水解 批式 37 6.0 — 93.2 0.93 1.55 [13] 餐厅废物+烘焙废物 凝结芽孢杆菌 真菌水解、提取脂质 — 52 — — 37 — — [14] 餐厨垃圾 地衣芽孢杆菌 TY7 加酶糖化 不灭菌 50 7.0 97% 40 — 2.5 [15] 餐厨垃圾 凝结芽孢杆菌 加酶糖化 不灭菌 55 6.5 97% 86 — 1.36 [16] 餐厨垃圾 米根霉AS3.819 — 不灭菌 34 8 99% 60 — 1 [17] 表 2 常用的原位分离技术及优缺点
Table 2. Common in-situ separation techniques and their advantages and disadvantagess
方法 优点 缺点 萃取分离 耗能低,选择性好、无细菌污染 萃取剂有一定毒性,其分配系数较低 吸附分离 分离效果好,吸附剂可再生循环利用 部分吸附剂选择性不高,且成本较高 膜分离 可连续进行,效果好 膜易被污染而影响过滤效果 -
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