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近年来,畜禽养殖过程中产生的大量粪污引起了严重的环境污染,已严重阻碍了畜禽养殖业的可持续发展[1-2]。未经处理的畜禽粪污富含致病菌且成分不稳定,在储存过程中会释放大量甲硫醇、氨气、硫化氢和丙烯醛等10多种恶臭有毒还原性气体,严重危及人畜健康[3-4]。然而,畜禽粪污作为一种富含氮、磷、钾等营养物质的有机固体废物,又是可用于促进农作物生长的重要肥料资源[5-6]。堆肥技术主要是通过微生物对畜禽粪污中不稳定的有机物质进行降解,生成稳定的腐殖质类物质,从而将其转化为高价值有机肥料,实现畜禽粪污的资源化利用[7-8]。畜禽粪污堆肥处理不仅可以解决环境污染问题,而且所得的肥料有助于改善土壤环境、提高土壤肥力,对实现畜禽业及农业可持续发展具有重要意义[9]。
好氧堆肥法可有效地脱臭及灭菌,有利于肥料的养分保持,是我国畜禽粪便处理的主要方式。然而,现有的好氧堆肥反应器在堆肥过程中存在非自动化、物料腐熟度差异大、控温困难、氮损失严重等缺陷,限制了好氧堆肥反应器的广泛应用[10-11]。因此,加快低成本、环保型、高效自动化堆肥反应器的开发,对促进畜禽粪污肥料化应用尤为重要。
本研究采用可调控式新型高温好氧堆肥器,以谷壳(粉)作为堆肥辅料,分析鸡粪谷壳在堆肥过程中的理化性质,并利用吸收塔将堆肥过程中释放的氨气转化为磷酸铵镁(MAP),再添加至鸡粪谷壳有机肥料中,从而生产出优质商品有机缓释肥料。
利用新型高温好氧堆肥器提高鸡粪谷壳有机肥肥效
Effect of new high temperature aerobic composting device on maturation of chicken manure and rice chaff
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摘要: 针对传统堆肥器存在堆肥时间长、环境污染严重等问题,开发快速、无臭、环保型堆肥器对促进粪污肥料化具有重要意义。研发的新型高温好氧堆肥器主要包括4个部分:控制面板、发酵罐(50 L有效容积)、空压机通风系统(0.15 m3·s−1排气量和40 L气容量)、氨气吸收系统(188 L容积及内部成阶梯环形吸收模式)。利用新型高温好氧堆肥器对鸡粪谷壳进行堆肥处理,并采用盆栽实验探明鸡粪谷壳有机肥和回收的磷酸铵镁(MAP)的肥效。结果表明,鸡粪谷壳物料(C/N=25)在在新型高温好氧堆肥器中堆肥处理40 d后,可形成黑色无臭味、圆球状及无有害菌群的堆肥产物;且所得产物中营养成分含量分别为50.53%有机质、1.86% TN、1.56% TP(P2O5)及1.59% TK(K2O),其指标均达到了国家有机肥料标准(NY 525-2012)。盆栽实验表明,以施肥后空心菜的产量及多糖含量为肥效指标,施用鸡粪谷壳堆肥产物的肥效高于施用化肥获得的肥效;而且,通过氨吸收塔回收氨气产生的MAP可有效提高堆肥产物的整体肥效。该研究结果可为新型高温好氧堆肥器的技术优化提供参考。Abstract: In view of the problems of long composting time and serious environmental pollution in traditional composting device, the development of rapid, odorless and environmentally-friendly composting device is great significance for promoting livestock manure into organic fertilizer. The new high-temperature aerobic composting device mainly included four parts: control panel, fermenter (50 L active volume), and air compressor ventilation system (0.15 m3·s−1 discharge capacity and 40 L gas tank capacity), ammonia absorption system (188 L volume, patterns of internal ladder ring absorption), which was used to produce chicken manure-rice chaff organic fertilizer. The fertilizer efficiency of recovered magnesium ammonium phosphate (r-MAP) in chicken manure-rice chaff organic fertilizer was investigated by pot experiments. Under the optimal conditions for 40 d composting of chicken manure and rice chaff (C/N=25), the products showed the black odorless, no harmful flora, and spherical features. Moreover, the nutrients of products were 50.53% organic matter, 1.86% TN, 1.56% TP (P2O5), 1.59% TK (K2O), which basically met the national organic fertilizer (NY525-2012). The yield and polysaccharide content of water spinach obtained from chicken manure and rice chaff organic fertilizer were higher than that of chemical fertilizer. The recovery of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) from ammonia recovery system could effectively improve the overall fertilizer efficiency of organic fertilizer. The results will provide a theoretical basis for the further popularization and application of the new high temperature aerobic composting device.
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Key words:
- aerobic composting /
- chicken manure /
- rice chaff /
- organic fertilizer /
- ammonia recovery /
- magnesium ammonium phosphate
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表 1 鸡粪和谷壳的化学特性
Table 1. Chemical properties of chicken manure and rice chaff
供试原料 碳/% 氮/% 碳氮比 含水量/% pH 鸡粪 18.87±0.95 1.51±0.14 12.49±0.32 40.34±1.24 8.82±0.52 谷壳 41.00±2.34 <0.30 >136 10.23±0.58 — 表 2 物料堆肥期间表观状态的变化
Table 2. Changes of apparent state of materials during composting
堆肥时间/d 气味 色泽 形状 1 粪尿味 灰褐色 块状 2 臭味较淡 灰褐色 块状 5 臭味较浓 灰褐色 粒状 11 臭味强烈 褐色 粒状 34 臭味较浓 褐色 球状 39 臭味较淡 黑色 球状 40 无臭味 黑色 球状 表 3 鸡粪谷壳有机肥理化指标和国标的对比
Table 3. Comparison of physicochemical indexes of chicken manure-rice chaff organic fertilizer with national standard
对比项目 有机质/% TN/% TP/% TK/% TNPK/% 水分/% pH 鸡粪谷壳有机肥 50.53±0.12 1.86±0.31 3.27±0.53 1.57±0.12 6.71±0.85 29.24±0.44 8.46±0.11 国标(NY 525-2012)[13] ≥45 — — — ≥5.0 ≤30 5.5~8.5 -
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